1. Rho, the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. Symbol for population correlation coefficient.
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Abbreviation or symbol for molar gas constant; electrical resistance; radical (usually an alkyl or aryl group, e.g., ROH is an alcohol, RNH2 an amine); Réaumur; respiration; respiratory exchange ratio; roentgen; the remainder of a chemical formula; the calculated unit representing vascular resistance in the cardiovascular system; arginine; purine nucleoside; (in italics) one of two stereochemical designations in the Cahn, Ingold, and Prelog system; the third product formed in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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Symbol for recipe in a prescription. See prescription (2).
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Symbol denoting movement of a substance in paper chromatography relative to the solvent front (i.e., retardation factor); equal to the migration distance of a substance divided by the migration distance of the solvent front.
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Abbreviation for racemic, occasionally used in naming compounds in place of the more common dl- or (±)-, as "r-alanine" (more often as the prefix rac-); roentgen; radius.
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Symbol for correlation coefficient.
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Symbol for radium.
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Making congruous stepwise cuts on apposing bone surfaces for stability after impaction. [Fr. raboter, to plane]
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A virulent epidemic disease among laboratory rabbits caused by the rabbitpox virus, a member of the family Poxviridae; it does not apparently occur among wild rabbits.rabbit plague;
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Relating to or suffering from rabies. [L. rabidus, raving, mad]
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Highly fatal infectious disease that may affect all species of warm-blooded animals, including humans, is transmitted by the bite of infected animals including dogs, cats, skunks, wolves, foxes, racoons and bats, and is caused by a neurotropic lyssavirus, a member of the family Rhabdoviridae, in the central nervous system and the salivary glands. The symptoms are characteristic of a profound disturbance of the nervous system, e.g., excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death. Characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) found in many of the neurons are an aid to rapid laboratory diagnosis.hydrophobia; [L. rage, fury, fr. rabio, to rave, to be mad]
dumb r. paralytic r
furious r. the form or stage of r. in which the animal is markedly hyperactive, characterized by periods of agitation, thrashing, running, snapping, or biting.
paralytic r. a form or stage of r. marked by paralytic symptoms.dumb r;
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Resembling rabies.
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Prefix for racemic.
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dl-threo-a-Methyl-N-(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)phenethylamine;used as a uterine relaxant for relief of postpartum pain.
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An enzyme capable of catalyzing racemization, i.e., inversions of asymmetric groups; when more than one center of asymmetry is present, "epimerase" is used (e.g., hydroxyproline, ribulose phosphate).
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A racemic compound, or the salt or ester of such a compound. See also racemic.
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An optically inactive chemical compound. See also racemic.
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Denoting a mixture of optically active compounds that is itself optically inactive, being composed of an equal number of dextro- and levorotatory substances, which are separable. Those compounds internally compensated (i.e., having an internal plane of symmetry), and therefore not separable into d and l (or + and -) forms, are termed "meso."
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Partial conversion of one enantiomorph into another (as an l-amino acid to the corresponding d-amino acid) so that the specific optical rotation is decreased, or even reduced to zero, in the resulting mixture.
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Branching, with nodular terminations; resembling a bunch of grapes. [L. racemosus, full of clusters]
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dl-Ephedrine hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug with peripheral effects similar to those of epinephrine, and with the same actions and uses as ephedrine.
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The spine. [G. rhachis, spine, backbone]
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spinal
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lumbar puncture [rachi- + G. kentesis, puncture]
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spinal
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spinal
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A graph for recording the curves of the vertebrae. [rachi- + G. grapho, to write]
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Forcible correction of lateral curvature of the spine by lateral pressure against the convexity of the curve. [rachi- + G. lysis, a loosening]
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See rachi-.
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Curvature of the spine. See kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis. [rachio- + G. kampsis, a bending]
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lumbar puncture [rachio- + G. kentesis, puncture]
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A subarachnoid effusion of fluid in the spinal canal. [rachio- + G. chysis, a pouring out]
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An instrument for measuring the curvature of the spine, natural or pathologic, of the spinal column. [rachio- + G. metron, measure]
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Conjoined twins united back to back as a result of fusion of their spinal columns. See conjoined twins, under twin.rachipagus; [rachio- + G. pagos, something fixed]
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spondylopathy [rachio- + G. pathos, suffering]
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spinal paralysis [rachio- + G. plege, stroke]
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scoliosis
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A specially devised instrument for dividing the laminae of the vertebrae.rachitome; [rachio- + G. tome, incision]
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laminotomy [rachio- + G. tome, incision]
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rachiopagus
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vertebral column [G. spine, backbone]
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1. Embryologic failure of fusion of vertebral arches and neural tube with consequent exposure of neural tissue at surface; spina bifida cystica with myelocele or myeloschisis. 2. Spinal dysraphism. [G. rhachis, spine, + schisis, division]
r. partia´lis merorachischisis
r. tota´lis holorachischisis
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Relating to or suffering from rickets (rachitis).rickety;
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rickets [G. rhachitis]
r. feta´lis congenital rickets.r. intrauterina, r. uterina;
r. feta´lis annula´ris congenital enlargement of the epiphyses of the long bones.
r. feta´lis micromel´ica a congenital condition in which development of the long bones is deficient.
r. intrauteri´na , r. uteri´na r. fetalis
r. tar´da osteomalacia
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A rachitic state or tendency.
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Producing or causing rickets. [rachitis + G. genesis, production]
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rachiotome
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laminectomy
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1. The unit for the dose absorbed from ionizing radiation, equivalent to 100 ergs per gram of tissue; 100 rad = 1 Gy. 2. Symbol for radian. 3. Abbreviation for racemic.
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An obsolete procedure involving the video tracking of heart motion by means of image intensification and closed circuit television during fluoroscopy; enabled cardiac motion to be measured by reproducible linear graphic tracing.
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root amputation [L. radix, root, + G. ektome, excision]
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Edward P., Jr., U.S. physiologist, *1922. See R. nomogram.
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The property of being radiable.
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Capable of being penetrated or examined by rays, especially by x-rays.
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In a direction toward the radial side.
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1. Relating to the radius (bone of the forearm), to any structures named from it, or to the radial or lateral aspect of the upper limb as compared to the ulnar or medial aspect.radialis [NA]; 2. Relating to any radius. 3. Radiating; diverging in all directions from any given center.brachio- (2); [L. radialis, fr. radius, ray, lateral bone of the forearm]
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radial (1) [Mod. L.]
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A supplementary SI unit of plane angle. [L. radius, ray]
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1. Giving out rays. 2. A point from which light radiates to the eye.
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1. To spread out in all directions from a center. 2. To emit radiation. [L. radio, pp. -atus, to shine]
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In neuroanatomy, a term applied to any one of the thalamocortical fiber systems that together compose the corona radiata of the cerebral hemisphere's white matter (e.g., optic radiation, acoustic radiation, etc.).radiation (3); [L.]
r. acus´tica [NA] acoustic radiation
r. cor´poris callo´si [NA] radiation of corpus callosum
r. op´tica [NA] optic radiation
r. pyramida´lis pyramidal radiation
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1. The act or condition of diverging in all directions from a center. 2. The sending forth of light, short radio waves, ultraviolet or x-rays, or any other rays for treatment or diagnosis or for other purpose. Cf. irradiation (2). 3. radiatio 4. A ray. 5. Radiant energy or a radiant beam. [L. radiatio, fr. radius, ray, beam]
acoustic r. the fibers that pass from the medial geniculate body to the transverse temporal gyri of the cerebral cortex by way of the sublentiform part of the internal capsule.radiatio acustica [NA];
alpha r. an emission of a nucleus of high kinetic energy from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay or fission.
annihilation r. the r. resulting when a positron from beta positive decay comes to rest. It encounters an electron, and they annihilate each other and convert their rest mass into two 0.51-MeV gamma rays emitted in exactly opposite directions.
anterior thalamic r.'s r.'s formed by fibers interconnecting, via the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the anterior and medial thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe (excluding the precentral gyrus bordering on the central sulcus).
background r. irradiation from environmental sources, including the earth's crust, the atmosphere, cosmic rays, and ingested radionuclides in the body.Natural sources account for the largest amount of radiation received by most people each year (average annual dose, 3.00 mSv), with medical and occupational sources accounting for only a fraction (on average, less than.60 mSv). It is currently believed that radon, a gas produced by radium decay within crustal rock, constitutes the major source of background radiation throughout many parts of the U.S. Radon buildup in inadequately ventilated homes may pose a long-term health hazard. The deleterious effects of background radiation, estimated as causing 1-6% of spontaneous genetic mutations, rise with dose.
beta r. radiant energy from a source of beta rays.
central thalamic r.'s r.'s formed by fibers interconnecting, through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the ventral lateral, ventral posterolateral and posteromedial, lateral dorsal, and lateral posterior nuclei and the precentral gyrus and parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Cerenkov r. light given off by a transparent medium when a high energy particle speeds through it at a velocity greater than that of light in that medium.
characteristic r. monochromatic r. that is produced when an electron is ejected from an atom and another takes its place by jumping from another shell; the energy of the photon is the difference between that of the two shell positions.characteristic emission;
r. of corpus callosum the spreading out of the fibers of the corpus callosum in the centrum semiovale of each cerebral hemisphere.radiatio corporis callosi [NA];
corpuscular r. r. consisting of streams of subatomic particles such as protons, electrons, neutrons, etc.
electromagnetic r. r. originating in a varying electromagnetic field; e.g., long and short radio waves; light, visible and invisible; x-radiation and gamma rays.
gamma r. ionizing electromagnetic r. resulting from nuclear processes, such as radioactive decay or fission.
geniculocalcarine r. optic r
Gratiolet's r. optic r
heterogeneous r. r. consisting of different frequencies, various energies, or a variety of particles.
homogeneous r. r. consisting of a narrow band of frequencies, the same energy, or a single type of particle.
ionizing r. corpuscular (e.g., neutrons, electrons) or electromagnetic (e.g., gamma) r. of sufficient energy to ionize the irradiated material.
K-r. usually a very penetrating form of x-r. excited by cathode rays (high speed electrons) impinging upon a metal anode such as tungsten; the energy of the r. is a function of the binding energy of the K-shell electrons of the metal anode.
L-r. an x-r. of slight penetrating power excited by cathode rays (high speed electrons) impinging on a metal anode; the energy of the r. is a function of the binding energy of the L-shell electrons of the metal anode.
neutron r. an emission of neutrons from the nucleus of an atom by decay or fission.
occipitothalamic r. optic r
optic r. the massive, fanlike fiber system passing from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus to the visual cortex (striate or calcarine cortex, area 17 of Brodmann); the fibers follow the retrolenticular and sublenticular limbs of the internal capsule into the corona radiata but they curve back along the lateral wall of the temporal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle to the striate cortex on the medial surface and pole of the occipital lobe.radiatio optica [NA], geniculocalcarine r., geniculocalcarine tract, Gratiolet's fibers, Gratiolet's r., occipitothalamic r., Wernicke's r;
posterior thalamic r.'s r.'s formed by fibers interconnecting through the retrolenticular part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the pulvinar complex and lateral geniculate nucleus and the posterior parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
primary r. an incident x-ray beam.
pyramidal r. corticospinal fibers passing from the cortex into the pyramid.radiatio pyramidalis;
scattered r. secondary r. emitted from the interaction of x-rays with matter; generally lower in energy, with a directional distribution which depends on the energy of the incident r.secondary r;
secondary r. scattered r
Wernicke's r. optic r
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1. In chemistry, a group of elements or atoms usually passing intact from one compound to another, but usually incapable of prolonged existence in a free state (e.g., methyl, CH3); in chemical formulas, a r. is often distinguished by being enclosed in parentheses or brackets. 2. Thorough or extensive; relating or directed to the extirpation of the root or cause of a morbid process; e.g., a r. operation. 3. Denoting treatment by extreme, drastic, or innovative measures, as opposed to conservative. 4. free r [L. radix (radic-), root]
acid r. a r. formed from an acid by loss of one or more hydrogen ions; e.g., SO4-, NO3-.
color r. chromophore
free r. a radical in its (usually transient) uncombined state; an atom or atom group carrying an unpaired electron and no charge; e.g., hydroxyl and methyl
Free r.'s may be involved as short-lived, highly active intermediates in various reactions in living tissue, notably in photosynthesis. The free radical nitric oxide, NO., plays an important role in vasodilation.radical (4); It has been theorized that these also act in human tissues to promote heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Free radicals may be introduced to the body (through smoking, inhaling environmental pollutants, or exposure to UV radiation), and also occur naturally within the body as a result of metabolic process. They interact readily with nearby molecules, and may thereby cause cellular damage (including to genetic material). Free radicals may be involved in atherosclerosis, promoting the formation of arterial plaque. Natural enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase are thought to counteract free radicals, and there is evidence that vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene also exert an antioxidant effect. Perhaps because they contain large amounts of these antioxidant substances, diets high in whole grains and fresh fruit (see low-fat diets) help lower the risk not only of heart disease, but possibly also of cancer.
oxygen derived free r.'s an atom or atom group having an unpaired electron on an oxygen atom, typically derived from molecular oxygen. For example, one-electron reduction of O2 produces the superoxide radical, O2·; other examples include the hydroperoxyl radical (HOO·), the hydroxyl radical (HO·), and nitric oxide (NO·).
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Plural of radix.
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A rootlet or structure resembling one, as the r. of a vein, a minute veinlet joining with others to form a vein, or the r. of a nerve, a nerve fiber which joins others to form a nerve. [L. radicula, dim. of radix, root]
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rhizotomy [L. radix (radic-), root, + G. tome, incision]
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See radiculo-.
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A spinal nerve root. [L. dim of radix, root]
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Neuralgia due to irritation of the sensory root of a spinal nerve. [radicul- + G. algos, pain]
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1. Relating to a radicle. 2. Pertaining to the root of a tooth.
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rhizotomy [radicul- + G. ektome, excision]
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radiculopathy [radicul- + G. -itis, inflammation]
acute brachial r. neuralgic amyotrophy
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Radicle; radicular. [L. radicula, radicle, dim. of radix, root]
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Involvement of roots and ganglia.
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rhizomeningomyelitis
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myeloradiculopathy
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Disease of the spinal nerve roots and nerves.
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Disorder of the spinal nerve roots.radiculitis; [radiculo- + G. pathos, suffering]
diabetic thoracic r. a type of diabetic neuropathy that affects primarily elderly patients with diabetes mellitus; clinically characterized by thoracic or abdominal pain, mainly anterior, but sometimes with radiation around the trunk from the midline; usually unilateral; may extend over several segments; probably due to ischemic injury of two or more contiguous roots; one type of diabetic polyradiculopathy.
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root amputation [L. radix, root, + G. ektome, excision]
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Containing radium.
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Plural of radius. [L.]
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1. Radiation, chiefly (in medicine) gamma or x-ray. 2. radioactive 3. radius [L. radius, ray]
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Possessing radioactivity.radio- (2);
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Colloquialism for radionuclide generator. See also cow.
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The property of some atomic nuclei of spontaneously emitting gamma rays or subatomic particles (alpha and beta rays).
artificial r. the r. of isotopes created by the bombardment of naturally occurring isotopes by subatomic particles, or high levels of x- or gamma radiation.induced r;
induced r. artificial r
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Older term for autoradiograph.
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autoradiography
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Relating to the radius and the biceps muscle.
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The study of the biological effects of ionizing radiation upon living tissue. Cf. radiopathology.
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A radioisotope of calcium, particularly calcium-45.
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A radioactive isotope of carbon; e.g., 14C.
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A graphic record of the concentration of injected radioisotope within the cardiac chambers.
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The technique of recording or interpreting radiocardiograms.
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1. Relating to the radius and the bones of the carpus. 2. On the radial or lateral side of the carpus.
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pelvimetry [radio- + cephal- + pelvimetry]
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1. The science of using radionuclides to synthesize labeled compounds for biochemical or biological research, or radiopharmaceuticals for clinical diagnostic studies. 2. The study of methods of labeling compounds with radionuclides.
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A radioactive isotope of chlorine, e.g., 36Cl.
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Cholangiography obtained by the intravenous administration of an excreted radiopharmaceutical. [radio- + cholangiography]
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Visualization of the gallbladder by scintigraphic means using a radiopharmaceutical such as technetium-99m labeled iminodiacetic acid derivative. [radio- + cholecysoghraphy]
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Scintigraphic motion picture of the passage of a radiopharmaceutical through the heart and great vessels. [radio- + cineangiography]
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Scintigraphic motion pictures of the passage of a radiopharmaceutical through blood vessels.
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Taking a motion picture of the movements of organs or other structures as revealed by an x-ray fluoroscopic examination. [radio- + G. kinema, motion, + grapho, to write]
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A radioactive isotope of cobalt; e.g., 60Co.
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Curable by irradiation therapy.
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radiopaque
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radiopacity
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Dermatitis due to exposure to x-rays or gamma rays causing ionization of tissue water with changes resembling thermal injury.radioepidermitis;
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Diagnosis using x-rays; or, more broadly, diagnostic imaging, including radiology, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance.
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Relating to the fingers on the radial or lateral side of the hand.
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The record obtained by means of the radioelectrophysiolograph.
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Formerly, an apparatus carried by a mobile individual by means of which changes in electrical potential from the brain or heart can be picked up and radio-transmitted to an electroencephalograph or an electrocardiograph. See telemeter.
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Formerly, recording the changes in the electrical potential of the brain or heart by means of the radioelectrophysiolograph. See telemetry.
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Any element possessing radioactivity.
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radiodermatitis
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Destructive changes in epithelium produced by ionizing radiation.
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1. Radiant energy of a certain frequency range; e.g., radio and television employ radiant energy having a frequency between 105-1011 Hz, while diagnostic x-rays have a frequency in the range of 3 x 1018 Hz. 2. In magnetic resonance imaging, the energy applied to switch or create a gradient in the magnetic field.
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Gallium that is radioactive. See gallium-67, gallium-68.
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The formation or production of radioactivity resulting from radioactive transformation or disintegration of radioactive substances. [radio- + G. genesis, production]
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1. Producing rays of any sort, especially electromagnetic rays. 2. Caused by x- or gamma rays.
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The science of radiation.
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A radioactive isotope of gold emitting negative beta particles and gamma radiation, with a half-life of 2.7 days; formerly used for irradiation of closed serous cavities in the palliative treatment of ascites and pleural effusion due to metastatic malignancies, and for liver scans.198Au colloid, colloidal radioactive gold;
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Obsolete term for radiograph. [radio- + G. gramma, something written]
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A negative image on photographic film made by exposure to x-rays or gamma rays that have passed through matter or tissue.roentgenogram, roentgenograph; [radio- + G. grapho, to write]
bitewing r. intraoral dental film adapted to show the coronal portion and cervical third of the root of the teeth in near occlusion; especially useful in detecting interproximal caries and determining alveolar septal height.
cephalometric r. a radiographic view of the jaws and skull permitting measurement.cephalogram;
decubitus r. a r. of a recumbent subject on his side, made in the frontal projection with a horizontal x-ray beam.lateral decubitus r;
lateral decubitus r. decubitus r
lateral oblique r. a radiographic view of the mandible, revealing one side of the mandible from symphysis to condyle by displacing the other side upwards.
lateral ramus r. a radiographic view of the mandibular ramus and condyle.
lateral skull r. a true lateral projection r. of facial bones and calvarium, showing bone structures and air-containing passages.
maxillary sinus r. a radiographic frontal view of the maxillary sinuses, orbits, nasal structures and zygomas; permits direct comparison of the sides.Waters' view r;
occlusal r. intraoral section film positioned on the occlusal plane and used in visualizing entire sections of the jaw; especially useful in exploring calcifications of the sublingual salivary glands.
panoramic r. a radiographic view of the maxillae and mandible extending from the left to the right glenoid fossae.
periapical r. a r. demonstrating tooth apices and surrounding structures in a particular intraoral area.
scout r. scout film
submental vertex r. a radiographic view used to visualize lateral movements of the condyle, lateral displacement of the condyle or coronoid process, or both, and the contour of the zygomatic arches.
submental vertex r. submentovertex r
submentovertex r. a radiographic projection showing the base of the skull, positions of the mandibular condyles, and zygomatic arches.base view, submental vertex r;
Towne projection r. See Towne projection.
transcranial r. a radiographic view of the temporomandibular articulation.
Trendelenburg r. r. of a subject tilted head downwards, usually in the decubitus position; used to detect small pleural effusions.
Waters' view r. maxillary sinus r
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A technician trained to position patients and take radiographs or perform other radiodiagnostic procedures.
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Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays with the record of the findings usually impressed upon a photographic film.roentgenography;
advanced multiple-beam equalization r. (AMBER) a variant of scanning equalization r. using several x-ray beams.
air-gap r. chest r. with a space (at least 10 inches) between the subject and film. Instead of using a grid, this method uses the geometry and x-ray absorption by the air to remove scattered radiation.
bedside r. portable r
computed r. r. using a solid-state imaging device, such as a photostimulable phosphorplate, and recovering, enhancing, and displaying the image using a digital computer.
digital r. computed radiography or computer processing of a digitized image from a conventional image-intensifier and video camera. See DSA.
electron r. radiographic imaging in which x-radiation incident on the receptor is converted to a latent charge image and subsequently recovered by a special printing process; advantages include wider latitude of exposure and greater sensitivity than conventional film-screen combinations. See xeroradiography, phosphor plate.
magnification r. r. using a microfocal x-ray tube and increased subject-film distance to provide geometric magnification of the subject without unacceptable loss of sharpness and resolution or an undesirable increase in radiation exposure caused by increasing the distance between the subject and the film.
mucosal relief r. radiographic technique showing fine detail of gastrointestinal mucosa after coating it with a barium suspension and distending the organ with air or gas released from an ingested powder.
portable r. making radiographic films of a patient confined to bed by taking a movable x-ray machine to the room.bedside r;
scanning equalization r. an electronically enhanced method of radiography in which a small x-ray beam is scanned over the patient while its attenuation is measured, providing feedback to modulate beam intensity in order to equalize average x-ray film exposure.
sectional r. tomography
serial r. making several x-ray exposures of a single region over a period of time, as in angiography.
spot-film r. an x-ray of a localized region, usually under study by fluoroscopy.
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Relating to the radius and the humerus; denoting the articulation between them.
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Lessened sensitivity to radiation.
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An immunological (immunochemical) procedure that uses the competition between radioisotope-labeled antigen (hormone) or other substance and unlabeled antigen for antiserums, resulting in quantitation of the unlabeled antigen; any method for detecting or quantitating antigens or antibodies using radiolabeled reactants.
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A method for the study of antigen-antibody reactions by gel diffusion using radioisotope-labeled antigen or antibody.
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Immunoelectrophoresis in which the antigen or antibody is labeled with a radioisotope; e.g., in testing for insulin-binding antibodies by treating the test serum with radioactive iodine-labeled insulin, subjecting the mixture (antigen) to electrophoresis, precipitating the separated immunoglobulins with immunoglobulin-specific antiserum, and, then, with radiosensitive film (autoradiography), testing for bound insulin in the precipitates.
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Immunoprecipitation utilizing a radioisotope-labeled antibody or antigen.
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Treated or combined with radioiodine.
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A radioactive isotope of iodine; e.g., 123I.
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A radioactive isotope of iron; e.g., 59Fe.
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An isotope that changes to a more stable state by emitting radiation.
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See tag (1).
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A radioactive isotope of lead.
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A lesion produced by ionizing radiation.
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A molecule with a radionuclide tracer attached; usually used for radioimmunoassay procedures. [radio- + L. ligandus, that which is to be bound, fr. ligo, to bind]
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Pertaining to radiology.
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A physician trained in the diagnostic and/or therapeutic use of x-rays and radionuclides, radiation physics, and biology; a diagnostic r. would also be trained in diagnostic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging and applicable physics.
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1. The science of high energy radiation and of the sources and the chemical, physical, and biologic effects of such radiation; the term usually refers to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. 2. The scientific discipline of medical imaging using ionizing radiation, radionuclides, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultrasound. [radio- + G. logos, study]
cardiovascular r. the clinical subspecialty of r. concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the vascular system.
chest r. the clinical subspecialty concerned with the diagnostic r. of diseases of the thorax, especially the heart or lungs.
interventional r. the clinical subspecialty that uses fluoroscopy, CT, and ultrasound to guide percutaneous procedures such as performing biopsies, draining fluids, inserting catheters, or dilating or stenting narrowed ducts or vessels.
pediatric r. the clinical subspecialty concerned with the radiological manifestations of diseases of children.
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The state of being radiolucent.
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Relatively penetrable by x-rays or other forms of radiation. Cf. radiopaque. [radio- + L. lucens, shining]
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A probe or sound. [L. dim. of radius, spoke]
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A device for determining the penetrative power of x-rays.roentgenometer; [radio- + G. metron, measure]
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A sensitive thermopile designed for the measurement of minute changes in radiant energy.
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Imitating the biologic effects of radiation, as in the case of chemicals such as nitrogen mustards. [radio- + G. mimetikos, imitative]
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Relating to the radius and the neighboring muscles; denoting certain nerves and muscular branches of the radial artery.
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Necrosis due to radiation; e.g., after excessive exposure to x- or gamma rays. See radiation burn.
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Neuritis caused by prolonged or repeated exposure to x-rays or radium.
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A radioactive isotope of nitrogen; e.g., 13N.
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An isotope of artificial or natural origin that exhibits radioactivity.Radionuclides serve as agents in nuclear medicine and genetic engineering, play a role in computer imaging for diagnosis and experiment, and account for a percentage of background radiation to which humans are exposed. In cancer therapy, radionuclides that localize to certain organs (e.g., radioactive iodine or gallium), deliver cytotoxic radiation doses to tumors. Similarly, radionuclides can be yoked to monoclonal antibodies engineered to attack specific populations of cancerous cells. In positron emission tomography, glucose molecules tagged with radionuclides are injected into the bloodstream. The gamma radiation emitted by the decay of the radionuclides reveals areas of active glucose uptake and thus offers a gauge of cell metabolism and function.
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State of being radiopaque.radiodensity;
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Relating to the radial or lateral side of the palm.
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Exhibiting relative opacity to, or impenetrability by, x-rays or any other form of radiation. Cf. radiolucent. radiodense; [radio- + Fr. opaque fr. L. opacus, shady]
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A branch of radiology or pathology concerned with the effects of radiation on cells and tissues. Cf. radiobiology.
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Radiographic measurement of the pelvis. See pelvimetry.
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A radioactive chemical or pharmaceutical preparation, labeled with a radionuclide in tracer or therapeutic concentration, used as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent.
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Morbid fear of radiation, as from x-rays or nuclear energy. [radio- + G. phobos, fear]
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A radioactive isotope of phosphorus; e.g., 32P.
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radiotelemetering capsule
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A radioactive isotope of potassium; e.g., 40K.
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A reaction of the body to radiation.
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1. A receptor that normally responds to radiant energy such as light or heat. 2. A receptor used as a binding agent for unlabeled and radiolabeled analyte in a type of competitive binding assay called radioreceptor assay.
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Indicates cells or tissues that are less affected than average mammalian cells on exposure to radiation; when applied to neoplasms, indicates less susceptibility to damage from theurapeutic radiation than the surrounding host tissues.
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Archaic term for fluoroscopy. [radio- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Readily affected by radiation. Cf. radioresistant.
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The condition of being readily affected by radiant energy.
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The use of chemotherapy or other agents which increase the sensitivity of tissue to the effects or radiation therapy, usually by inhibiting cellular repair or increasing the percentage of cells in mitotic phases of the growth cycle.
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A chemical substance that increases the radiosensitivity of tissues; restoring normal tissue oxygen tension to an anoxic region is also an effective r.
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A radioactive isotope of sodium; e.g., 24Na.
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Simultaneous viewing of two radiographs made in slightly different projections, usually with a device that reflects the image of one on each eye, allowing three-dimensional visualization of an object in relation to others. See stereoradiography, stereoscope. [radio- + G. stereos, solid, + skopeo, to view]
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A radioactive isotope of strontium; e.g., 90Sr.
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A radioactive isotope of sulfur; e.g., 35S.
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Radiotherapy with a sharply delimited field, optimistically considered to be equivalent to resecting the irradiated region.
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See telemetry, biotelemetry.
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Relating to radiotherapy or to radiotherapeutics.
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The study and use of radiotherapeutic agents.
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One who practices radiotherapy or is versed in radiotherapeutics.radiation oncologist;
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The medical specialty concerned with the use of electromagnetic or particulate radiation in the treatment of disease.roentgenotherapy;
mantle r. r. with protection of uninvolved radiosensitive structures or organs.
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Diathermy effected by heat from radiant sources. [radio- + G. therme, heat]
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The destruction of thyroid tissue by administration of radioactive iodine.
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radioactive thyroxine
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Radiation sickness caused by the products of disintegration produced by the action of x-rays or other forms of radioactivity and by the depletion of certain cells and enzyme systems from the organism. [radio- + G. toxikon, poison, + haima, blood]
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A radionuclide or radiolabeled chemical; a radioactive tracer.
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Allowing relatively free transmission of radiant energy.
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Affected by radiation. [radio- + G. trope, a turning]
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Relating to both radius and ulna.
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root amputation [L. radix, root, + G. ektome, excision]
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A metallic element, atomic no. 88, extracted in very minute quantities from pitchblende; 226Ra, its longest lived isotope, is produced as an intermediate in the uranium series by the emission of an alpha particle from thorium-230 (ionium); 226Ra emits alpha particles and gamma rays, breaking down to 222Rn with a half-life of 1,599 years; chemically, it is an alkaline earth metal with properties similar to those of barium. Its therapeutic action is similar to that of x-rays, since the a emission is filtered out. [L. radius, ray]
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1. [NA] The lateral and shorter of the two bones of the forearm. 2. A straight line passing from the center to the periphery of a circle.radio- (3); [L. spoke of a wheel, rod, ray]
r. fix´us a line passing from the hormion to the inion.
ra´dii len´tis [NA] 9 to 12 faint lines on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens that radiate from the poles toward the equator; they mark the lines along which the ends of lens fibers abut.lens stars (1), lens sutures;
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1. root of tooth 2. The hypothetical size of the birth cohort in a life table, commonly 1000 or 100,000. [L.]
r. ante´rior [NA] ventral root
r. ar´cus ver´tebrae pedicle of arch of vertebra
r. bre´vis gan´glii cilia´ris parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
r. clin´ica [NA] clinical root
r. cochlea´ris [NA] cochlear root of VIII nerve
ra´dices crania´les [NA] cranial root of accessory nerve
r. den´tis [NA] root of tooth
r. dorsa´lis dorsal root
r. facia´lis [NA] nerve of pterygoid canal
r. infe´rior an´sae cervica´lis inferior root of ansa cervicalis
r. infe´rior ner´vi vestibulocochlea´ris cochlear root of VIII nerve
r. latera´lis ner´vi media´ni [NA] lateral root of median nerve
r. latera´lis trac´tus op´tici [NA] lateral root of optic tract
r. lin´guae [NA] root of tongue
r. lon´ga gan´glii cilia´ris sensory root of ciliary ganglion
r. media´lis ner´vi media´ni [NA] medial root of median nerve
r. media´lis trac´tus op´tici [NA] medial root of optic tract
r. mesenter´ii [NA] root of mesentry
r. moto´ria [NA] * official alternate term for ventral root
r. moto´ria ner´vi trigem´ini [NA] * official alternate term for motor root of trigeminal nerve
r. na´si [NA] root of nose
r. nasocilia´ris [NA] * official alternate term for sensory root of ciliary ganglion
r. ner´vi facia´lis root of facial nerve
ra´dices ner´vi trigem´ini roots of trigeminal nerve, under root
r. oculomoto´ria gan´glii cilia´ris [NA] * official alternate term for parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
r. parasympath´ica gan´glii cilia´ris [NA] parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
r. pe´nis [NA] root of penis
r. pi´li hair root
r. poste´rior [NA] dorsal root
r. pulmo´nis [NA] root of lung
r. senso´ria [NA] dorsal root
r. senso´ria gan´glii cili´aris [NA] sensory root of ciliary ganglion
r. senso´ria gan´glii pterygopalatini [NA] ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve, under branch
r. senso´ria ner´vi trigem´ini [NA] * official alternate term for sensory root of trigeminal nerve
ra´dices spina´les nervi accessorii [NA] spinal root of accessory nerve
r. supe´rior an´sae cervica´lis superior root of ansa cervicalis
r. supe´rior ner´vi vestibulocochlea´ris vestibular root
r. sympath´ica gan´glii cilia´ris [NA] sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
r. un´guis [NA] root of nail
r. ventra´lis ventral root
r. vestibula´ris [NA] vestibular root
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The hypothetical size of the birth cohort in a life table, commonly 1000 or 100,000.
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A gaseous radioactive element, atomic no. 86, resulting from the breakdown of radium; of the isotopes with mass numbers between 198 and 228, only 222Rn is medically significant as an alpha-emitter with a half-life of 3.8235 days; it is used in the treatment of certain malignancies. Poorly ventilated homes in some parts of the country accumulate a dangerous amount of naturally-occurring radon gas. [from radium]
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Georg Johann, Norwegian ophthalmologist, 1889-1956. See R.'s paratrigeminal syndrome.
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A dextrorotatory trisaccharide, occurring in cotton seed and in the molasses of beet root, composed of d-galactose, d-glucose, and d-fructose and formed by transfer of d-galactose from UDP-d-galactose to sucrose; many seeds are rich in r.gossypose, melitose, melitriose;
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Violent anger; a total discharge of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. [Fr., fr. L. rabies, violent anger, fr. rabo, to rave]
sham r. a quasi-emotional state, characterized by manifestations of fear and anger upon trifling provocation; produced in animals by the removal of the cerebral cortex (decortication).
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Richard H., U.S. psychiatrist, *1936. See Holmes-R. questionnaire.
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Hermann, U.S. respiratory physiologist, *1912. See R.-Otis sample.
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A genus of tapeworms (family Davaineidae, order Cyclophyllidea), three species of which, R. madagascariensis or R. demerariensis, R. asiatica, and R. formsana, have been found in humans. However, the identification of many of these worms found in man has been questioned.
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Infection of rodents and monkeys, and occasionally man, with tapeworms of the genus Raillietina.
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George, English anatomist, 1801-1884. See R.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle.
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Ambiguous term for an added sound heard on auscultation of breath sounds; used by some to denote rhonchus and by others for crepitation. [Fr. rattle]
amphoric r. sound heard through the stethoscope associated with the movement of fluid in a lung cavity communicating with a bronchus.
atelectatic r. transitory light crackling sound that disappears after deep breathing or coughing.
bubbling r. moist sound heard through the stethoscope as a result of air entering portions of lung tissue containing exudate and thus creating bubbles; sometimes associated with resolving pneumonia or small lung cavities.
cavernous r. a resonating, bubbling sound caused by air entering a cavity partly filled with fluid.cavernous rhonchus;
clicking r. short, sticking sound usually associated with opening of small bronchi on deep breathing, sometimes heard in early pulmonary tuberculosis.
consonating r. a resonant r. produced in a bronchial tube and heard through consolidated lung tissue.
crackling r. (krak´ling) very fine sounds produced by fluid in very small airways in pneumonia or congestive heart failure.
crepitant r. a fine bubbling or crackling sound produced by air mixing with very thin secretions in the smaller bronchial tubes.vesicular r;
dry r. a harsh or musical breath sound produced by a constriction in a bronchial tube or the presence of a viscid secretion narrowing the lumen.
gurgling r. coarse sound heard over large cavities or over trachea nearly filled with secretions.
guttural r. sound heard over the lung but resulting from upper airway obstruction.
metallic r. a r. of metallic quality caused by resonance in a large cavity.
moist r. a bubbling r. caused by air mixing with a fluid exudate in the bronchial tubes or a cavity.
mucous r. a bubbling r. heard on auscultation over bronchial tubes containing mucus.
palpable r. a vibration that can be felt accompanying a low-pitched, hard, musical, or sonorous r.
pleural r. pleural rub
sibilant r. a whistling sound caused by air moving through a viscid secretion narrowing the lumen of a bronchus.whistling r;
Skoda's r. a r. in a bronchus heard through an area of consolidated tissue in pneumonia.
sonorous r. a cooing or snoring sound often produced by the vibration of a projecting mass of viscid secretion in a large bronchus.
subcrepitant r. a very fine crepitant r.
vesicular r. crepitant r
whistling r. sibilant r
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A male sheep of breeding age. [A.S.]
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Relating to a ramus.
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Sir Chandrasekhara V., Indian physicist and Nobel laureate, 1888-1970. See R. effect, spectrum.
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See Rambourg's chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid stain, Rambourg's periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver stain.
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Obsolete term for hernia, varicocele, or any scrotal tumor. [L. hernia; pl. blood vessels of the lungs, fr. ramus, a branch]
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Plural of ramus. [L.]
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ramisection [L. ramus, branch, + G. tome, incision]
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The process of dividing into a branchlike pattern.
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To split into a branchlike pattern. [L. ramus, branch, + facio, to make]
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Section of the rami communicantes of the sympathetic nervous system.ramicotomy; [L. ramus, branch, + L. sectio, section]
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Inflammation of a ramus. [L. ramus, branch, + G. -itis, inflammation]
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See Cajal.
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branching [L. ramosus, fr. ramus, a branch]
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In electrical recording, a uniformly rising voltage or current. If reset to zero at regular intervals, it forms a sawtooth pattern used to provide the time sweep of a cathode ray oscilloscope beam; if reset to zero by a periodic event (e.g., heart beats), the recorded height of the r.'s represents time between events.
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See Hunt.
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Jesse, English optician, 1735-1800. See R.'s ocular.
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Conrad, German surgeon, 1867-1963. See R. operation; Fredet-R. operation.
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A small branch or twig; one of the terminal divisions of a ramus. [L. dim. of ramus, a branch]
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1. branch 2. One of the primary divisions of a nerve or blood vessel. Arterial and nerve branches are also given under the major nerve or artery. See artery, nerve. 3. A part of an irregularly shaped bone (less slender than a "process") that forms an angle with the main body (e.g., ramus of mandible). 4. One of the primary divisions of a cerebral sulcus. [L.]
r. acetabula´ris [NA] acetabular branch
r. acromia´lis arte´riae suprascapula´ris [NA] acromial branch of suprascapular artery
r. acromia´lis arte´riae thoracoacromia´lis [NA] acromial branch of thoracoacromial artery
ra´mi ad pon´tem [NA] * official alternate term for pontine arteries, under artery
ra´mi alveola´res superio´res anterio´res ner´vi infraorbita´lis [NA] anterior superior alveolar branches of infraorbital nerve, under branch
ra´mi alveola´res superio´res posterio´res ner´vi maxilla´ris [NA] posterior superior alveolar branches of maxillary nerve, under branch
r. alveola´ris supe´rior me´dius ner´vi infraorbita´lis [NA] middle superior alveolar branch of infraorbital nerve
r. anastomot´icus anastomotic branch See also communicating branch.
r. anastomot´icus arte´riae meninge´ae me´diae cum lacrima´li [NA] anastomotic branch of middle meningeal artery to lacrimal artery
r. ante´rior [NA] anterior branch
r. ante´rior ascen´dens [NA] ascending anterior branch
r. ante´rior descen´dens [NA] descending anterior branch
r. ante´rior latera´lis the lateral anterior branch, the former name for the ascending anterior branch of the left pulmonary artery.
r. apica´lis [NA] apical branch
r. apica´lis lo´bi inferio´ris arte´riae pulmona´lis dex´trae [NA] apical branch of inferior lobar branch of right pulmonary artery
r. apicoposte´rior ve´nae pulmona´lis si´nistrae supe´rioris [NA] apicoposterior branch of left superior pulmonary vein
ra´mi articula´res [NA] articular branches, under branch
rami articulares arte´riae descenden´tis genicular´is [NA] See articular branches, under branch.
r. ascen´dens [NA] ascending branch
ra´mi atria´les [NA] atrial branches, under branch
ra´mi auricula´res anterio´res arte´riae tempora´lis superficia´lis [NA] anterior auricular branches of superficial temporal artery, under branch
r. auricula´ris arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] auricular branch of occipital artery
r. auricula´ris nervi va´gi [NA] auricular branch of vagus nerve
r. basa´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior basal branch
r. basa´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral basal branch
r. basa´lis media´lis [NA] medial basal branch of pulmonary artery
r. basa´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior basal branch
r. basalis tento´rii arte´riae caro´tidis inter´nae [NA] basal tentorial branch of internal carotid artery
ra´mi bronchia´les [NA] bronchial arteries, under artery
ra´mi bronchia´les segmento´rum [NA] branches of segmental bronchi, under branch
ra´mi bucca´les ner´vi facia´lis [NA] buccal branches of facial nerve, under branch
ra´mi calca´nei [NA] calcaneal arteries, under artery
ra´mi calca´nei latera´les ner´vi sura´lis [NA] lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve, under branch
ra´mi calca´nei media´les ner´vi tibia´lis [NA] medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve, under branch
r. calcari´nus arte´riae occipita´lis media´lis [NA] calcarine branch of medial occipital artery
ra´mi cap´sulae inter´nae [NA] the internal capsular branches, the branches of the anterior choroid artery to the internal capsule.
ra´mi capsula´res arte´riae rena´lis [NA] capsular branches of renal artery, under branch
ra´mi cardi´aci cervica´les inferio´res ner´vi va´gi [NA] inferior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve, under branch
ra´mi cardi´aci cervica´les superio´res ner´vi va´gi [NA] superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve, under branch
ra´mi cardi´aci thora´cici ner´vi va´gi [NA] thoracic cardiac branches of vagus nerve, under branch
r. cardi´acus obsolete term for medial basal branch of pulmonary artery.
ra´mi caroticotympan´ici caroticotympanic arteries, under artery
r. carpa´lis dorsa´lis arte´riae radia´lis dorsal carpal branch of radial artery
r. carpa´lis dorsa´lis arte´riae ulna´ris dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery
r. carpa´lis palma´ris arte´riae radia´lis palmar carpal branch of radial artery
r. carpa´lis palma´ris arte´riae ulna´ris palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery
r. car´peus dorsa´lis arte´riae radia´lis dorsal carpal branch of radial artery
r. car´peus dorsa´lis arte´riae ulna´ris [NA] dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery
r. car´peus palma´ris arte´riae radia´lis palmar carpal branch of radial artery
r. car´peus palma´ris arte´riae ulna´ris palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery
ra´mi cau´dae nu´clei cauda´ti [NA] branches to the tail of the caudate nucleus. 1. branches from either the anterior choroid or the posterior communicating artery, or both, to supply the tail of the caudate nucleus; 2. a branch from the middle cerebral artery to the tail of the caudate nucleus.
ra´mi cauda´ti [NA] caudate branches, under branch
ra´mi celi´aci ner´vi va´gi [NA] celiac branches of vagus nerve, under branch
ra´mi centra´les anteromedia´les [NA] anteromedial central branches, under branch
cephalic arterial rami parietal branches of the sympathetic trunks conveying postsynaptic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion to the carotid arteries for distribution within the head.
r. col´li ner´vi facia´lis [NA] cervical branch of facial nerve
r. cervicalis ner´vi facia´lis * official alternate term for cervical branch of facial nerve
r. chiasmat´icus [NA] the chiasmatic branch, a branch of the middle cerebral artery to the optic chiasm.
ra´mi choroi´dei [NA] choroid branches, under branch
r. choroi´dei posterio´res latera´les lateral posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery. See choroid branches, under branch.
r. choroi´dei posterio´res media´les medial posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery. See choroid branches, under branch.
r. choroi´dei ventric´uli latera´lis lateral ventrical branch of anterior choroid artery. See choroid branches, under branch.
r. choroi´dei ventric´uli ter´tii third ventricle choroid branch of anterior artery. See choroid branches, under branch.
r. choroi´dei ventric´uli quar´ti fourth ventricle choroid branch of posterior inferior cerebellar artery. See choroid branches, under branch.
r. cingula´ris [NA] the cingular branch, a branch of the callosomarginal artery supplying the gyrus cinguli.
r. circumflex´us arte´riae corona´riae sinis´trae [NA] circumflex branch of left coronary artery
r. circumflex´us fibula´ris arte´riae tibia´lis posterio´ris [NA] circumflex fibular artery
r. clavicula´ris arte´riae thoracoacromia´lis [NA] clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery
r. cli´vi [NA] the branch to the clivus, a branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery supplying the clivus.
r. cochlea´ris arte´riae labyrin´thi [NA] cochlear branch of labyrinthine artery
r. collatera´lis arte´riarum intercosta´lium posterio´rum III-XI [NA] collateral branches of posterior intercostal arteries 3-11, under branch
r. commu´nicans, pl. ra´mi communican´tes [NA] communicating branch
r. commu´nicans arte´riae fibula´ris [NA] communicating branch of peroneal artery
r. commu´nicans arte´riae perone´ae communicating branch of peroneal artery
r. commu´nicans cum chor´da tym´pani [NA] 1. communicating branch of chorda tympani to lingual nerve 2. communicating branch of otic ganglion to chorda tympani
r. commu´nicans cum ner´vo glossopharyn´geo [NA] 1. communicating branch of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve 2. communicating branch of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular branch of vagus nerve
r. commu´nicans fibula´ris ner´vi fibula´ris commu´nis [NA] peroneal communicating branch
r. commu´nicans gang´lii o´tici cum ner´vo auriculotempora´li [NA] communicating branch of otic ganglion to auriculotemporal nerve
r. commu´nicans gang´lii o´tici cum ner´vo pterygoi´deo media´li [NA] communicating branch of otic ganglion with medial pterygoid nerve
r. commu´nicans gang´lii o´tici cum ra´mo menin´geo nervi mandibularis [NA] communicating branch of otic ganglion with meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi facia´lis cum plex´u tympan´ico [NA] communicating branch of facial nerve with tympanic plexus
r. commu´nicans ner´vi glossopharynge´i cum ra´mo auricula´ri ner´vi vaga´lis communicating branch of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular branch of vagus nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi lacrima´lis cum ner´vo zygomat´ico [NA] communicating branch of lacrimal nerve with zygomatic nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi laryn´gei recurren´tis cum ra´mo laryn´geo inter´no [NA] communicating branch of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi laryn´gei superio´ris cum ner´vo laryn´geo recurrenti [NA] communicating branch of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi media´ni cum ner´vo ulna´ri [NA] communicating branch of median nerve with ulnar nerve
r. commu´nicans ner´vi nasocilia´ris cum gan´glio cilia´ri [NA] sensory root of ciliary ganglion
r. commu´nicans perone´us ner´vi pero´nei commu´nis [NA] * official alternate term for peroneal communicating branch
r. commu´nicans ulna´ris ner´vi radia´lis [NA] ulnar communicating branch of superficial radial nerve
ra´mi communican´tes gang´lii submandibula´ris cum ner´vo lingua´li [NA] ganglionic branches of lingual nerve, under branch
ra´mi communican´tes ner´vi auriculotempora´lis cum ner´vo facia´li [NA] communicating branches of auriculotemporal nerve to facial nerve, under branch
ra´mi communican´tes ner´vi lingua´lis cum ner´vo hypoglos´so [NA] communicating branches of lingual nerve to hypoglossal nerve, under branch
ra´mi communican´tes nervo´rum spina´lium [NA] white rami communicantes
communicating rami of spinal nerves the communicating branches of spinal nerves, small bundles of nerve fibers connecting spinal nerves with sympathetic ganglia; the fibers passing from the ganglion to the spinal nerve are nonmyelinated and are called gray rami communicantes, those passing in the reverse direction are myelinated and are called white rami communicantes.
communicating rami of sympathetic trunk gray rami communicantes
ra´mi cor´poris amygdaloi´dei [NA] the branches to the amygdaloid body, branches of the anterior choroid artery to the amygdaloid body.
r. cor´poris callo´si dorsa´lis [NA] the dorsal corpus callosal branches, branches of the medial occipital artery to the dorsum of the corpus callosum.
ra´mi cor´poris genicula´ti latera´lis [NA] the lateral geniculate body branches, branches of the anterior choroid artery to the lateral geniculate body.
r. costa´lis latera´lis arte´riae thora´cicae inter´nae [NA] lateral costal branch of internal thoracic artery
r. cricothyroi´deus [NA] cricothyroid artery
ra´mi cuta´nei anterio´res ner´vi femora´lis [NA] anterior femoral cutaneous nerves, under nerve
rami cuta´nei anteriores pectora´lis et abdominalis nervorum intercostalium [NA] thoracoabdominal nerves, under nerve
ra´mi cuta´nei cru´ris media´les ner´vi saphe´ni [NA] medial crural cutaneous branches of saphenous nerve, under branch
r. cuta´neus ante´rior ner´vi iliohypogas´trici [NA] anterior cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve
r. cuta´neus ante´rior (pectora´lis et abdomina´lis) nervo´rum thoracico´rum [NA] thoracoabdominal nerves, under nerve
r. cuta´neus latera´lis [NA] lateral cutaneous branch
r. cuta´neus latera´lis ner´vi iliohypogas´trici [NA] lateral cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve. See lateral cutaneous branch.
r. cuta´neus latera´lis ramor´um posterior´um arte´riae intercostal´ium [NA] lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of posterior intercostal arteries. See lateral cutaneous branch.
r. cuta´neus media´lis [NA] medial cutaneous branch
r. cutaneus medialis rami dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III-XI [NA] medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of posterior intercostal arteries. See medial cutaneous branch.
r. cuta´neus media´lis ramor´um dorsa´lium nervo´rum thoracico´rum [NA] medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of thoracic nerves. See medial cutaneous branch.
r. cuta´neus ra´mi anterio´ris ner´vi obturato´rii [NA] cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
r. deltoi´deus [NA] deltoid branch
dental rami dental branches, under branch
ra´mi denta´les [NA] dental branches, under branch
rami denta´les arte´riae alveola´ris inferio´ris [NA] dental branches of inferior alveolar artery. See dental branches, under branch.
rami denta´les arte´riae alveola´ris superio´ris posterio´ris [NA] dental branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery. See dental branches, under branch.
ra´mi denta´les inferio´res [NA] inferior dental rami See dental branches, under branch.
rami denta´les inferio´res plex´us denta´lis inferio´ris [NA] inferior dental branches of inferior dental plexus, under branch
ra´mi denta´les superio´res [NA] superior dental rami
rami denta´les superio´res plex´us denta´lis superio´ris [NA] superior dental branches of superior dental plexus, under branch
r. descen´dens [NA] descending branch
r. descen´dens arteri´ae circumflex´ae femo´ris latera´lis [NA] descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery
r. descen´dens arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] descending branch of occipital artery
r. dex´ter [NA] right branch
r. dex´ter arte´riae hepat´icae propri´ae [NA] right hepatic artery
r. dex´ter ve´nae por´tae hepa´tis [NA] right branch of portal vein
r. digas´tricus ner´vi facia´lis [NA] digastric branch of facial nerve
rami dorsa´les arte´riae intercosta´lis supre´mae [NA] dorsal branch of the superior intercostal artery
rami dorsa´les arte´riae subcosta´lis [NA] dorsal branch of the subcostal artery
ra´mi dorsa´les lin´guae arte´riae lingua´lis [NA] dorsal lingual branches of lingual artery, under branch
rami dorsa´les ner´vi ulna´ris [NA] dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve
r. dorsa´lis [NA] dorsal primary r. of spinal nerve
r. dorsa´lis arte´riae lumba´lium [NA] dorsal branch of the lumbar artery
r. dorsa´lis arte´riarum intercostal´ium posterior´um III-XI [NA] dorsal branch of the posterior intercostal arteries 3-11
r. dorsa´lis nervo´rum spina´lium [NA] dorsal primary r. of spinal nerve
r. dorsa´lis vena´rum intercostal´ium posterior´um IV-XI [NA] dorsal branch of the posterior intercostal veins 4-11
dorsal primary r. of spinal nerve the smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary r.) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis [NA]) of the dorsal primary r. also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium [NA]), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum [NA]), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium [NA]), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium [NA]), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei [NA]).r. dorsalis nervorum spinalium [NA], r. dorsalis [NA], rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch (1), posterior primary division;
ra´mi duodena´les arte´riae pancreaticoduodena´lis superio´ris [NA] duodoneal branches of superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, under branch
ra´mi epiplo´icae epiploic branches, under branch
ra´mi esophagea´les [NA] esophageal branches, under branch
ra´mi esophagea´les aor´tae thora´cicae [NA] esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta, under branch
ra´mi esophagea´les arte´riae gas´tricae sinis´trae [NA] esophageal branches of the left gastric artery, under branch
ra´mi esophagea´les arte´riae thyroi´deae inferio´ris [NA] esophageal branches of the inferior thyroid artery, under branch
ra´mi esopha´gei [NA] esophageal branches, under branch
ra´mi esopha´gei ner´vi laryn´gei recurren´tis [NA] esophageal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, under branch
ra´mi esopha´gei ner´vi va´gi [NA] esophageal branches of the vagus nerve, under branch
r. exter´nus ner´vi accesso´rii [NA] spinal root of accessory nerve
r. exter´nus ner´vi laryn´gei superio´ris [NA] external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
ra´mi faucia´les ner´vi lingua´lis [NA] * official alternate term for faucial branches of lingual nerve, under branch
r. femora´lis ner´vi genitofemora´lis [NA] femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
r. fronta´lis anteromedia´lis [NA] anteromedial frontal branch of the callosomarginal artery.
r. fronta´lis arte´riae tempora´lis superficia´lis [NA] frontal branch of superficial temporal artery
r. fronta´lis interomedia´lis [NA] interomedial frontal branch of the callosomarginal artery.
r. fronta´lis posteromedia´lis [NA] posteromedial frontal branch of the callosomarginal artery.
rami gangli´i submandibula´ris [NA] glandular branches of submandibular ganglion, under branch
r. gang´lii trigemina´lis [NA] ganglionic branch of internal carotid artery
ra´mi gangliona´res [NA] * official alternate term for ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve, under branch
rami ganglio´nici ner´vi maxilla´ris [NA] ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve, under branch
ra´mi gas´trici anterio´res ner´vi va´gi [NA] gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk, under branch
ra´mi gas´trici posterio´res ner´vi va´gi [NA] gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk, under branch
r. genita´lis ner´vi genitofemora´lis [NA] genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
ra´mi gingiva´´les inferio´res plex´us denta´lis inferio´ris [NA] inferior gingival branches of inferior dental plexus, under branch
ra´mi gingiva´´les superio´res plex´us denta´lis superio´ris [NA] superior gingival branches of superior dental plexus, under branch
ra´mi glandula´res [NA] glandular branches, under branch
r. glandula´res ante´rior/latera´lis/poste´rior arte´riae thyroide´ae superio´ris [NA] glandular branches of anterior/lateral/posterior branches of superior thyroid artery, under branch
rami glandula´res arte´riae facia´lis [NA] glandular branches of facial artery, under branch
rami glandula´res arte´riae thyroi´deae inferio´ris [NA] glandular branches of inferior thyroid artery, under branch
rami glandular´es gang´lii submandibular´is [NA] glandular branches of submandibular ganglion, under branch
ra´mi glo´bi pal´lidi [NA] the branches to the globus pallidus, branches of the anterior choroid artery to the globus pallidus.
gray rami communicantes short nerves arising from the lateral aspect of the sympathetic trunk conducting nonmyelinated postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers from the sympathetic trunk to the initial portions of all 31 pairs of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves for distribution by all parts (including the dorsal primary ramus) of the spinal nerve. The gray rami are the parietal branches of the sympathetic trunks since all postsynaptic fibers to be distributed to the body wall (including limbs) must pass through them.communicating branches of sympathetic trunk, communicating rami of sympathetic trunk;
ra´mi hepat´ici ner´vi va´gi [NA] hepatic branches of vagus nerve, under branch
r. hypothalam´icus [NA] the hypothalamic branch, a branch of the middle cerebral artery to the hypothalamus.
r. ili´acus arte´riae iliolumba´lis [NA] iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
ra´mi intercosta´les anterio´res [NA] anterior intercostal arteries, under artery
r. infe´rior [NA] inferior branch
r. infe´rior arte´riae glute´ae superio´ris [NA] inferior branch of superior gluteal artery
inferior dental rami inferior dental branches of inferior dental plexus.rami dentales inferiores [NA];
ra´mi inferio´res ner´vi transver´si cervicalis [col´li] [NA] inferior branches of transverse cervical nerve, under branch
r. infe´rior ner´vi oculomoto´rii [NA] inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
r. infe´rior os´sis pu´bis [NA] inferior branch of pubic bone
r. infrahyoi´deus arte´riae thyroi´dea superio´ris [NA] infrahyoid branch of superior thyroid artery
r. infrapatella´ris ner´vi saphe´ni [NA] infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
ra´mi inguina´les arte´riae puden´dae exter´nae [NA] inguinal branches of external pudendal arteries, under branch
rami intercostal´is anterior´es arter´ia thora´cica inter´na anterior intercostal arteries, under artery
ra´mi intergangliona´res [NA] interganglionic rami
interganglionic rami the ganglionic branches, the nerve strands interconnecting the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk; they consist of pre- or postganglionic fibers passing to higher or lower levels of the trunk.rami interganglionares [NA];
internal r. of accessory nerve internal branch of accessory nerve See also accessory nerve.
r. inter´nus ner´vi accesso´rii [NA] internal branch of accessory nerve See also accessory nerve.
r. inter´nus ner´vi laryn´gei superio´ris [NA] internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
ra´mi interventricula´res septa´les septal branches, under branch
r. interventricula´ris poste´rior arte´riae corona´riae dex´trae [NA] posterior interventricular artery
r. interventricula´ris ante´rior arte´riae corona´riae sinis´trae [NA] anterior interventricular artery
ischial r. the branch of the ischial bone, formerly called inferior branch of the ischium; the portion of the bone that passes forward from the ischial tuberosity to join the inferior r. of the pubic bone, thus forming the ischiopubic r.r. ossis ischii [NA];
ischiopubic r. the inferior r. of the pubis and the r. of the ischium continuous with it, forming the inferomedial boundary of the obturator foramen.
ra´mi isth´mi fau´cium ner´vi lingua´lis [NA] faucial branches of lingual nerve, under branch
ra´mi labia´les anterio´res arte´riae puden´dae exter´nae [NA] anterior labial arteries, under artery
ra´mi labia´les inferio´res ner´vi menta´lis [NA] inferior labial branches of mental nerve, under branch
ra´mi labia´les posterio´res arte´riae puden´dae inter´nae [NA] posterior labial arteries, under artery
ra´mi labia´les superio´res ner´vi infraorbita´lis [NA] superior labial branches of infraorbital nerve, under branch
ra´mi laryngopharyn´gei gang´lii cervica´lis superio´ris [NA] laryngopharyngeal branches of superior cervical ganglion, under branch
ra´mi latera´les [NA] lateral branches, under branch
rami latera´les arteria´rum centra´lium anterolatera´lium lateral branch of anterolateral central arteries.
r. latera´lis duc´tus hepa´tici sinis´tri [NA] lateral branch left hepatic duct. See lateral branches, under branch.
rami latera´les ra´mi sinis´tri ve´nae por´tae hepa´tis [NA] lateral branch of left branch of portal vein. See lateral branches, under branch.
rami laterales ramorum dorsalium nervorum cervicalium/thoracalium/lumbalium/sac [NA] lateral branch of dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves. See lateral branches, under branch.
r. latera´lis ramor´um dorsa´lium nervo´rum thoracico´rum lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of thoracic nerves.
r. lateralis interventricularis anterioris arteriae coronariae sinistrae [NA] lateral branch of anterior interventricular artery. See lateral branches, under branch.
r. latera´lis ner´vi supraorbita´lis [NA] lateral branch of supraorbital nerve. See lateral branches, under branch.
r. latera´lis ramor´um dorsa´lium nervo´rum thoracico´rum lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of thoracic nerves.
r. latera´lis ramor´um lobar´is me´dium arterior´um pulmona´lium dextro´rum [NA] lateral branch of middle lobe branch of right pulmonary artery. See lateral branches, under branch.
rami liena´les arte´riae liena´lis [NA] * official alternate term for splenic branches of splenic artery, under branch
ra´mi lingua´les [NA] lingual branches, under branch
rami lingua´les ner´vi glossopharyn´gei [NA] lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve. See lingual branches, under branch.
rami lingua´les ner´vi hypoglos´si [NA] lingual branch of hypoglossal nerve. See lingual branches, under branch.
rami lingua´les ner´vi lingua´lis [NA] lingual branch of lingual nerve. See lingual branches, under branch.
r. lingua´lis [NA] lingular branch
r. lingula´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior lingular branch of lingular branch of left pulmonary artery
r. lingula´ris ner´vi facia´lis [NA] lingual branch of facial nerve
r. lingula´ris supe´rior [NA] superior lingular branch of lingular branch of superior lobar left pulmonary artery
r. lo´bi me´dii [NA] middle lobe branch
r. lobi medii arteriae pulmonalis dextrae [NA] middle lobe branch of right pulmonary artery. See middle lobe branch.
r. lo´bi me´dii ve´nae pulmona´lis dex´trae superio´ris [NA] middle lobe branch of right superior pulmonary vein. See middle lobe branch.
r. lumba´lis arte´riae iliolumba´lis [NA] lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery
ra´mi malleola´res latera´les [NA] lateral malleolar arteries, under artery
ra´mi malleola´res media´les [NA] medial malleolar arteries, under artery
ra´mi mamma´rii [NA] See lateral mammary branches, under branch, medial mammary branches, under branch.
ra´mi mamma´rii latera´les [NA] lateral mammary branches, under branch
rami mamma´rii latera´les arte´riae thora´cicae latera´lis [NA] lateral mammary branches of lateral thoracic artery, under branch
rami mamma´rii latera´les nervo´rum intercostal´ium * official alternate term for lateral cutaneous branches of ventral primary ramus of thoracic spinal nerves, under branch
rami mamma´rii latera´les ra´mi cuta´nei latera´lis nervo´rum thoracico´rum [NA] lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves, under branch
rami mamma´rii latera´les ra´mi cuta´nei latera´lis nervo´rum intercosta´lium * official alternate term for lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves, under branch
ra´mi mamma´rii media´les [NA] medial mammary branches, under branch
rami mammari´i media´les ra´mi cuta´nei anterio´ris nervo´rum intercostal´ium medial mammary branches of anterior cutaneous branches of ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. See medial mammary branches, under branch.
rami mamma´rii media´les ra´mi cuta´nei anterio´ris ramor´um ventral´ium nervo´rum thoraci´corum medial mammary branches of anterior cutaneous branches of ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. See medial mammary branches, under branch.
rami mamma´rii media´les ra´mi perforan´tis arte´riae thora´cicae inter´nae [NA] medial mammary branches of perforating branches of internal thoracic artery. See medial mammary branches, under branch.
r. of mandible the upturned perpendicular extremity of the mandible on either side; it gives attachment on its lateral surface to the masseter muscle.r. mandibulae [NA];
r. mandib´ulae [NA] r. of mandible
r. margina´lis mandib´ulae ner´vi facia´lis [NA] marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
r. margina´lis tento´rii arte´riae caroti´dis inter´nae [NA] marginal tentorial branch of internal carotid artery
ra´mi mastoi´dei arte´riae auricula´ris posterio´ris [NA] mastoid branches of posterior auricular artery, under branch
r. mastoi´deus arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] mastoid artery
r. mea´tus acu´s´tici inter´ni * official alternate term for labyrinthine artery
ra´mi media´les [NA] medial branches, under branch
rami media´les arteria´rum centra´lium anterolatera´lium [NA] medial branch of anterolateral central arteries. See medial branches, under branch.
rami media´les ra´mi sinis´tri ve´nae por´tae hepa´tis [NA] medial branch of left branch of portal vein. See medial branches, under branch.
r. media´lis duc´tus hepa´tici sinis´tri [NA] medial branch of left hepatic duct. See medial branches, under branch.
r. media´lis ner´vi supraorbita´lis [NA] medial branch of supraorbital nerve. See medial branches, under branch.
r. media´lis ra´mi loba´ris me´dii arterio´rum pulmona´lium dextro´rum [NA] medial branch of middle lobar branch of right pulmonary artery. See medial branches, under branch.
r. media´lis ramor´um dorsa´lium nervo´rum cervica´lium/thoracico´rum/lumba´lium/sacra´lium [NA] medial branch of dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves. See medial branches, under branch.
ra´mi mediastina´les [NA] mediastinal branches, under branch
rami mediastina´les aor´tae thora´cicae [NA] mediastinal branches of thoracic aorta, under branch
rami mediastina´les arte´riae thora´cicae inter´nae [NA] mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
ra´mi medulla´res latera´les [NA] the lateral medullary branches, branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery to the lateral part of the medulla oblongata.
ra´mi medulla´res media´les [NA] the medial medullary branches, branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery to the medial part of the medulla oblongata.
r. membra´nae tym´pani ner´vi auriculotempora´lis [NA] branch of auriculotemporal nerve to tympanic membrane
rami menin´gei meningeal branches, under branch
r. menin´geus accesso´rius arte´riae menin´geae me´diae [NA] accessory meningeal branch of middle meningeal artery
r. menin´geus ante´rior arte´riae vertebra´lis meningeal branch of the vertebral artery.
r. menin´geus arte´riae carot´idis inter´nae meningeal branch of internal carotid artery
r. menin´geus arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] meningeal branch of occipital artery
r. menin´geus me´dius ner´vi maxilla´ris [NA] middle meningeal branch of maxillary nerve
r. menin´geus ner´vi mandibula´ris [NA] meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
r. menin´geus ner´vi va´gi [NA] meningeal branch of vagus nerve
r. menin´geus nervo´rum spina´lium [NA] meningeal branch of spinal nerves
r. menin´geus poste´rior the posterior meningeal branch of the vertebral artery.
ra´mi menta´les ner´vi menta´lis [NA] mental branches of mental nerve, under branch
ra´mi muscula´res [NA] muscular branches, under branch
r. mus´culi stylopharyn´gei ner´vi glossopharyn´gei [NA] branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle
r. mylohyoi´deus arte´riae alveola´ris inferio´ris [NA] mylohyoid artery
ra´mi nasa´les exter´ni [NA] external nasal branches, under branch
rami nasa´les exter´ni ner´vi ethmoida´lis anterio´ris [NA] external nasal branch of nasociliary nerve; See external nasal branches, under branch.
rami nasa´les exter´ni ner´vi infraorbita´lis [NA] external nasal branch of infraorbital nerve; See external nasal branches, under branch.
ra´mi nasa´les inter´ni [NA] internal nasal branches, under branch
rami nasa´les inter´ni ner´vi ethmoida´lis anterio´ris [NA] internal nasal branch of nasociliary nerve. See internal nasal branches, under branch.
rami nasa´les inter´ni ner´vi infraorbita´lis [NA] internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve. See internal nasal branches, under branch.
ra´mi nasa´les latera´les ner´vi ethmoida´lis anterio´ris [NA] lateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve, under branch
ra´mi nasa´les media´les ner´vi ethmoida´lis anterio´ris [NA] medial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve, under branch
ra´mi nasa´les posterio´res inferio´res ner´vi palati´ni majo´ris [NA] posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine nerve, under branch
ra´mi nasa´les posterio´res superio´res latera´les gang´lii pterygopalati´ni [NA] posterior superior lateral nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion, under branch
ra´mi nasa´les posterio´res superio´res media´les gang´lii pterygopalati´ni [NA] posterior superior medial nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion, under branch
r. ner´vi oculomoto´rii arte´riae communican´tis posterio´ris [NA] the branch to the oculomotor nerve, a branch of the posterior communicating artery to the oculomotor nerve.
r. no´di atrioventricula´ris [NA] artery to atrioventricular node
r. no´di sinuatria´lis arte´riae corona´ria dex´tra [NA] artery to the sinuatrial (S-A) node
ra´mi nucleo´´rum hypothalamico´rum [NA] the branches to hypothalamic nuclei, branches of the anterior choroid artery to the nuclei of the hypothalamus.
r. obturato´rius arte´riae epigas´tricae inferio´ris [NA] accessory obturator artery
rami occipita´les arte´riae auricula´ris posterio´ris [NA] occipital branch of posterior auricular artery. See occipital branch.
rami occipita´les arte´riae occip´itis [NA] occipital branch of occipital artery. See occipital branch.
rami occipita´les ner´vi auricula´ris posterio´ris [NA] occipital branch posterior auricular nerve. See occipital branch.
r. occipita´lis [NA] occipital branch
r. occipitotempora´lis [NA] the occipitotemporal branch, a branch of the medial occipital artery to the occipital and temporal regions of the cerebral cortex.
ra´mi omenta´les [NA] epiploic branches, under branch
r. orbita´lis arte´riae menin´geae me´diae [NA] orbital branch of middle meningeal artery
r. orbita´lis gang´lii pterygopalati´ni [NA] orbital branch of pterygopalatine ganglion, under branch
r. orbitofronta´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral frontobasal artery
r. orbitofronta´lis media´lis [NA] medial frontobasal artery
r. os´sis is´chii [NA] ischial r
r. ova´ricus arte´riae uteri´nae [NA] ovarian branch of uterine artery
r. palma´ris ner´vi media´ni [NA] palmar branch of median nerve
r. palma´ris ner´vi ulna´ris [NA] palmar branch of ulnar nerve
r. palma´ris profun´dus arte´riae ulna´ris [NA] deep palmar branch of ulnar artery
r. palma´ris superficia´lis arte´riae radia´lis [NA] superficial palmar branch of radial artery
ra´mi palpebra´les ner´vi infratrochlea´ris [NA] palpebral branches of infratrochlear nerve, under branch
ra´mi pancrea´tici [NA] pancreatic branches, under branch
rami pancrea´tici arte´riae pancreaticoduodena´lis superio´ris [NA] pancreatic branch of superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. See pancreatic branches, under branch.
rami pancrea´tici arte´riae sple´nicae [NA] pancreatic branch splenic artery. See pancreatic branches, under branch.
ra´mi parieta´les [NA] parietal branch
r. parietal´is arte´riae menin´geae me´diae [NA] parietal branch of middle meningeal artery
r. parietal´is arte´riae occipita´lis media´lis [NA] parietal branch of medial occipital artery
r. parietal´is arte´riae tempora´lis superficia´lis [NA] parietal branch of superficial temporal artery
r. pari´eto-occipita´lis [NA] parieto-occipital branch of medial occipital artery.
ra´mi parotid´ei [NA] parotid branches, under branch
r. parotid´ei arte´riae tempora´lis superficia´lis [NA] parotid branch of superficial temporal artery. See parotid branches, under branch.
rami parotid´ei ner´vi auriculotempora´lis [NA] parotid branch of auriculotemporal nerve. See parotid branches, under branch.
rami parotid´ei ve´nae facia´lis [NA] parotid branch of facial vein. See parotid branches, under branch.
ra´mi pectora´les arteri´ae thoracoacromia´lis [NA] pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery, under branch
ra´mi peduncula´res [NA] the peduncular branches, branches of the posterior cerebral artery to the cerebral peduncles.
r. per´forans [NA] perforating branches, under branch
r. perfo´rans arte´riae fibula´ris [NA] perforating branch of peroneal artery
r. perforan´tes arte´riae thorac´icae inter´nae [NA] perforating branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
r. perforan´tes arteria´rum metacarpa´´lium palma´rium [NA] perforating branches of palmar metacarpal arteries, under branch
r. perforan´tes arteria´rum metatarsea´rum planta´rium [NA] perforating branches of plantar metatarsal arteries, under branch
ra´mi pericardi´aci aor´tae thora´cicae [NA] pericardial branch of thoracic aorta, under branch
r. pericardi´acus ner´vi phren´ici [NA] pericardial branch of phrenic nerve
ra´mi perinea´les ner´vi cuta´nei fem´oris posterio´ris [NA] perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, under branch
peroneal anastomotic r. peroneal communicating branch
r. petro´sus arte´riae menin´geae med´iae [NA] petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
ra´mi pharyngea´les [NA] pharyngeal branches, under branch
rami pharyngea´les arte´riae pharyn´geae ascenden´tis [NA] pharyngeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
rami pharyngea´les arte´riae thyroi´deae inferio´ris [NA] pharyngeal branch of inferior thyroid artery
rami pharyn´gei ner´vi glossopharyn´gei [NA] pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
rami pharyn´gei ner´vi va´gi [NA] pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
r. pharyn´geus arte´riae cana´lis pterygoi´dei [NA] pharyngeal branch of the artery of pterygoid canal
r. pharyn´geus arte´riae palati´ni descen´dens [NA] pharyngeal branch of descending palatine artery
r. pharyn´geus gan´glii pterygopalati´ni [NA] pharyngeal branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
ra´mi phrenicoabdomina´les ner´vi phre´nici [NA] phrenicoabdominal branch of phrenic nerve, under branch
r. planta´ris profun´dus arte´riae dorsa´lis pe´dis [NA] deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery
r. poste´rior arte´riae obturato´riae [NA] posterior branch of obturator artery
r. poste´rior arte´riae pancreaticoduodena´lis inferio´ris [NA] posterior branch of inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
r. poste´rior arte´riae recurren´tis ulna´ris [NA] posterior branch of recurrent ulnar artery
r. poste´rior arte´riae rena´lis [NA] posterior branch of renal artery
r. poste´rior arte´riae thyroi´deae superio´ris [NA] posterior branch of superior thyroid artery
r. poste´rior ascen´dens [NA] ascending posterior branch
r. poste´rior descen´dens [NA] descending posterior branch
r. poste´rior duc´tus hepa´tici dex´tri [NA] posterior branch of right hepatic duct
rami posterio´res [NA] posterior branches, under branch
rami posterio´res nervo´rum spina´lium * official alternate term for dorsal primary r. of spinal nerve
r. poste´rior ner´vi auricula´ris mag´ni [NA] posterior branch of great auricular nerve
r. poste´rior ner´vi obturato´rii [NA] posterior branch of obturator nerve
r. poste´rior ra´mi dex´tri ve´nae por´tae hepa´tis [NA] posterior branch of right branch of portal vein
r. poste´rior sul´ci latera´lis cere´bri [NA] posterior branch of lateral cerebral sulcus
r. poste´rior ve´nae pulmona´lis dex´trae superio´ris [NA] posterior branch of right superior pulmonary vein
rami profun´di arte´riae circumflex´ae femo´ris media´lis [NA] deep branch of the medial plantar artery
rami profun´di arte´riae transver´sae cervi´cis [NA] dorsal scapular artery
r. profun´dus [NA] deep branch
r. profun´dus arte´riae circumflex´ae femo´ris media´lis [NA] deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery
r. profun´dus arte´ria scapula´ris descen´dens dorsal scapular artery
r. profun´dus arte´riae transver´sae col´li [NA] dorsal scapular artery
r. profun´dus ner´vi plantar´is latera´lis [NA] deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve
r. profun´dus ner´vi radia´lis [NA] anterior interosseous nerve
r. profun´dus ner´vi ulna´ris [NA] deep branch of the ulnar nerve
ra´mi pterygoi´´dei arte´riae maxilla´ris [NA] pterygoid branch of maxillary artery, under branch
pubic rami See pubes.
r. pu´bicus arte´riae epigas´tricae inferio´ris [NA] pubic branch of inferior epigastric artery
r. pu´bicus arte´riae obturato´riae [NA] pubic branch of obturator artery
ra´mi pulmona´les systema´tis autono´mici [NA] pulmonary branch of autonomic nervous system, under branch
ra´mi radicula´res * official alternate term for spinal arteries, under artery
ra´mi rena´les ner´vi va´gi [NA] renal branch of vagus nerve, under branch
r. rena´lis ner´vi splanch´nici mino´ris [NA] renal branch of lesser splanchnic nerve
r. saphe´nus arte´riae descenden´tis genicula´ris [NA] saphenous branch of descending genicular artery
ra´mi scrota´les anterio´res arte´riae puden´dae exter´nae [NA] anterior scrotal branch of external pudendal artery, under branch
ra´mi scrota´les posterio´res arte´riae puden´dae inter´nae [NA] posterior scrotal branch of internal pudendal artery, under branch
ra´mi septa´les rami interventricularis septales.
r. sinis´ter [NA] left branch
r. sinis´ter arte´riae hepat´icae pro´priae [NA] left hepatic artery
r. sinis´ter ve´nae por´tae hepa´tis [NA] left branch of hepatic portal vein.
r. si´nus carot´ici [NA] carotid sinus nerve
r. si´nus caverno´si [NA] the cavernous sinus branch, a branch of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery supplying the walls of the cavernous sinus.
r. si´nus caverno´si arte´riae caro´tidis arte´riae [NA] cavernous sinus branch of internal carotid artery
ra´mi spina´les [NA] spinal branches 1. spinal arteries, under artery 2. veins draining the meninges and spinal cord, tributaries of the intervertebral veins.
ra´mi sple´nici arte´riae sple´nicae [NA] splenic branches of splenic artery, under branch
r. stape´dius arte´riae stylomastoi´deae [NA] stapedial branch of stylomastoid artery
ra´mi sterna´les arte´riae thora´cicae inter´nae [NA] sternal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
ra´mi ster´noclei´domastoi´dei arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] sternocleidomastoid branch of occipital artery
r. ster´noclei´domastoi´deus arte′riae thyroi´deae superio´ris [NA] sternocleidomastoid branch of superior thyroid artery
r. stylohyoi´deus ner´vi facia´lis [NA] stylohyoid branch of facial nerve
ra´mi subscapula´res arte´riae axilla´ris [NA] subscapular branches of axillary artery, under branch
ra´mi substan´tiae ni´grae [NA] the branches to the substantia nigra, the branches of the anterior choroid artery to the substantia nigra.
r. superficia´lis [NA] superficial branch
r. superficia´lis arte´riae glu´teae superio´ris [NA] superficial branch of the superior gluteal artery
r. superficia´lis arte´riae plantar´is media´lis [NA] superficial branch of the medial plantar artery
r. superficia´lis ner´vi plantar´is latera´lis [NA] superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve
r. superficia´lis ner´vi radia´lis [NA] superficial branch of the radial nerve
r. superficia´lis ner´vi ulna´ris [NA] superficial branch of the ulnar nerve
r. supe´rior [NA] superior branch 2. apical branch
r. supe´rior arte´riae glute´ae superio´ris [NA] superior branch of the superior gluteal artery
superior dental rami superior dental branches of superior dental plexus.rami dentales superiores [NA];
r. superi´or ner´vi oculomoto´rii [NA] superior branch of the oculomotor nerve
r. supe´rior ner´vi transversa´lis cervica´lis (col´li) [NA] superior branch of the transverse cervical nerve
r. supe´rior os´sis pu´bis [NA] superior pubic r
superior pubic r. a bar of bone, triangular in section, which extends posterosuperiorly from the body of the pubis to form the superior boundary of the obturator foramen; developmentally, it contributes about one-fifth of the articular surface of the acetabulum.r. superior ossis pubis [NA], superior branch of the pubic bone;
r. supe´rior ve´nae pulmona´lis dex´trae/sinis´trae inferio´ris [NA] superior branch of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins
r. suprahyoi´deus arte´riae lingua´lis [NA] suprahyoid branch of lingual artery
r. sympath´icus [sympatheti´cus] ad gang´lion submandibula´re * official alternate term for sympathetic branch to submandibular ganglion
ra´mi tempora´les anterio´res [NA] anterior temporal branches of lateral occipital artery, giving arterial supply to the cortex of the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the brain.
ra´mi tempora´les interme´dii media´les [NA] medial intermediate temporal branches of lateral occipital artery, giving arterial supply to the cortex of the intermediate and medial part of the temporal lobe of the brain.
ra´mi tempora´les ner´vi facia´lis [NA] temporal branch of facial nerve, under branch
ra´mi tempora´les posterio´res [NA] posterior temporal branches of lateral occipital artery giving arterial supply to the cortex of the posterior part of the temporal lobe of the brain.
ra´mi tempora´les superficia´les ner´vi auriculotempora´lis [NA] superficial temporal branch of auriculotemporal nerve, under branch
r. tentor´ii [NA] tentorial nerve
ra´mi thalam´ici [NA] branches of the posterior cerebral artery to the thalamus.
r. thalam´icus [NA] a branch of the middle cerebral artery to the thalamus.
ra´mi thy´mici [NA] mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
r. thyrohyoi´deus an´sae cervica´lis [NA] nerve to thyrohyoid muscle
r. tonsil´lae cerebel´lae [NA] the branch to the cerebellar tonsil, a branch from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplying the tonsil of the cerebellum.
ra´mi tonsilla´res ner´vi glossopharyn´gei [NA] tonsillar branch of glossopharyngeal nerve, under branch
r. tonsilla´ris arte´riae facia´lis [NA] tonsillar branch of the facial artery
ra´mi trachea´les [NA] tracheal branches, under branch
rami trachea´les arte´riae thyroi´deae inferio´ris [NA] tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery. See tracheal branches, under branch.
rami trachea´les ner´vi laryn´gei recurren´tis [NA] tracheal branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve. See tracheal branches, under branch.
ra´mi trac´tus op´tici [NA] the optic tract branches, branches of the anterior choroid artery to the optic tract.
r. transver´sus [NA] transverse branches, under branch
r. transver´sus arte´riae circumflex´ae femo´ris latera´lis [NA] transverse branches of lateral femoral circumflex artery. See transverse branches, under branch.
r. transver´sus arte´riae circumflex´ae femo´ris media´lis [NA] transverse branches of medial femoral circumflex artery See transverse branches, under branch.
r. tuba´rius [NA] tubal branch
r. tubari´us arte´riae ute´rinae [NA] tubal branch of the uterine artery
r. tuba´rius plex´us tympan´ici [NA] tubal branch of the tympanic plexus
ra´mi tu´beris cine´rei [NA] the branches of the anterior choroid artery to the tuber cinereum.
r. ulna´ris ner´vi cuta´nei antebra´chii media´lis [NA] ulnar branch of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
ra´mi ureter´ici [NA] ureteric branches, under branch
rami urete´rici arte´riae ovar´icae [NA] ureteric branches of the ovarian artery, under branch
rami urete´rici arte´riae rena´lis [NA] ureteric branches of the renal artery, under branch
rami urete´rici arte´riae testicula´ris [NA] ureteric branches of the testicular artery, under branch
rami urete´rici par´tis paten´tis arte´riae umbilica´le [NA] ureteric branches of the patent part of umbilical artery, under branch
ra´mi ventra´les nervo´rum cervica´lium [NA] ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.
ra´mi ventra´les nervo´rum lumba´lium [NA] ventral primary rami of lumbar spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.
ra´mi ventra´les nervo´rum sacra´lium [NA] ventral primary rami of sacral spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.
rami ventralis ventral branch
r. ventra´lis ner´vi spina´lis [NA] ventral primary r. of spinal nerve
ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.rami ventrales nervorum cervicalium [NA];
ventral primary rami of lumbar spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.rami ventrales nervorum lumbalium [NA];
ventral primary rami of sacral spinal nerves See ventral primary r. of spinal nerve.rami ventrales nervorum sacralium [NA];
ventral primary r. of spinal nerve the larger, anterolaterally-directed major terminal branch (with the dorsal primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen. Most ventral primary rami, especially those involved in the innervation of the limbs, participate in the formation of the major nerve plexuses (cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral) and lose their identities. Most in the thoracic region, however, remain separate from adjacent rami to become the intercostal and subcostal nerves. Ventral primary rami provide innervation to the anterolateral body wall and trunk. Nomina Anatomica lists ventral primary rami as "rami ventrales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium [NA]), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum [NA]), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium [NA]), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium [NA])m, and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei [NA]).r. ventralis nervi spinalis [NA], anterior primary division;
ra´mi vestibula´res arte´riae labyrin´thi [NA] vestibular branches of labyrinthine artery.
white rami communicantes short nerves arising from the initial portion of the ventral primary rami of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves through which all presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers must pass to reach the sympathetic trunks; also conveyed by the white rami communicans are visceral afferent (sensory) fibers which were conveyed to the sympathetic trunks in splanchnic nerves. Most fibers conveyed by the white rami communicantes are myelinated.rami communicantes nervorum spinalium [NA], communicating branches of spinal nerves;
ra´mi zygomat´ici ner´vi facia´lis [NA] zygomatic branch of facial nerve, under branch
r. zygomaticofacia´lis ner´vi zygoma´tici [NA] zygomaticofacial branch of zygomatic nerve
r. zygomaticotempora´lis ner´vi zygoma´tici [NA] zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve
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fusidic acid
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Having a disagreeable odor and taste, usually characterizing fat undergoing oxidation or bacterial decomposition to more volatile odoriferous substances. [L. rancidus, stinking, rank]
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To make or become rancid.
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The state of being rancid.
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M.J. See Burn and R. theory.
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Gertrude, U.S. visual psychologist, 1886-1970. See Hardy-R.-Ritter test.
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Alexander, U.S. urologist, *1885. See R. stone forceps.
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Governed by chance; used of a process in which the outcome is indeterminate but may assume any of set of values (the domain) with probabilities specifiable in advance. While the random process is widely used in probability theory, empirical justification for the term is more complicated. The minimum requirement is that repeated realization of the process will settle down to a stable distribution or, if not metrical, a stable set of frequencies if the trait is classifiable only. See random mechanism. [M.E. randon, speed, errancy, fr. O. Fr. randir, to run, fr. Germanic]
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Allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance.
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Proprietary name for a finely powdered nickel catalyst made from Raney alloy by dissolving out the aluminum with alkali; used in the hydrogenation of organic substances.Raney catalyst;
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A statistical measure of the dispersion or variation of values determined by the endpoint values themselves or the difference between them; e.g., in a group of children aged 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 16, the r. would be from 6 to 16 or, alternately, 10 (16 minus 6). [O.Fr. rang, line fr. Germanic]
therapeutic r. refers to either the dosage r. or blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Some patients will require doses (or concentrations) above or below this r. Some patients will experience drug toxicity within this r.
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1. Relating to the frog. 2. Relating to the undersurface of the tongue. [L. rana, a frog]
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N-[2-[[5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]furfuryl]thio]ethyl]-N´- methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine;a histamine H2 antagonist used in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, where it reduces hydrochloric acid secretion.
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1. The ordinal position of an observation in the set of observations of which it is a member. 2. To order a set of observations according to their r.
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Johannes, German anthropologist and physician, 1836-1916. See R.'s angle.
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Karl E. von, German chemist, 1870-1926. See R.'s formula.
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Fred Wharton, U.S. surgeon, 1886-1954. See R.'s clamp.
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William J. McQ., Scottish physicist, 1820-1870. See R. scale.
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Joseph, U.S. surgeon, 1853-1921. See R.'s sign.
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A member of the interleukin-8 superfamily of cytokines. This cytokine is a selective chemoattractant for memory T lymphocytes and monocytes.
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1. Hypoglottis. 2. Any cystic tumor of the undersurface of the tongue or floor of the mouth, especially one of the floor of the mouth due to obstruction of the duct of the sublingual glands.ptyalocele, ranine tumor, sialocele, sublingual cyst; [L. tadpole, dim. of rana, frog]
r. pancreat´ica a cystic tumor caused by obstruction of the pancreatic duct.
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Relating to a ranula.
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Louis A., French pathologist, 1835-1922. See R.'s crosses, under cross, disks, under disk, node, plexus, segment.
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Abbreviation for right anterior oblique, a radiographic projection.
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François, M., French physicist, 1830-1899. See R.'s law.
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Abbreviation for rapid analysis of polymorphic DNA.
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1. Sexual intercourse by force, duress, intimidation, or without legal consent (as with a minor). 2. The performance of such an act. [L. rapio, to seize, to drag away]
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The compressed oil from the seeds of Brassica campestris (family Cruciferae); used in the manufacture of soaps, margarine, and lubricants. [L. rapa, turnip]
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A spasmodic disease supposed to be due to poisoning by the seeds of Rhaphanus rhaphanistrum, the wild radish.rhaphania;
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The line of union of two contiguous, bilaterally symmetrical structures.rhaphe; [G. rhaphe, suture, seam]
amniotic r. the line of fusion of the amniotic folds over the embryo in reptiles, birds, and certain mammals.
r. anococcyg´ea anococcygeal ligament
anogenital r. in the male embryo the line of closure of the genital folds and swellings extending from the anus to the tip of the penis; it is differentiated in the adult into three regions: perineal r., scrotal r., and penile r.
r. cor´poris callo´si a slight anteroposterior furrow on the median line of the upper surface of the corpus callosum.
lateral palpebral r. a narrow fibrous band in the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle formed by the interlacing of fibers passing through the upper and lower eyelids.r. palpebralis lateralis [NA], palpebral r;
r. lin´guae median groove of tongue
median longitudinal r. of tongue median groove of tongue
r. medul´lae oblonga´tae [NA] the seamlike median zone of the medulla oblongata, marked by intercrossing fiber bundles among which lie scattered neuronal cell bodies.
r. nuclei See nuclei raphes, under nucleus.
r. pala´ti [NA] palatine r
palatine r. a rather narrow, low elevation in the center of the hard palate that extends from the incisive papilla posteriorly over the entire length of the mucosa of the hard palate.r. palati [NA], palatine ridge;
palpebral r. lateral palpebral r
r. palpebra´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral palpebral r
penile r. the continuation of the r. of the scrotum onto the underside of the penis.r. penis [NA];
r. pe´nis [NA] penile r
perineal r. the central anteroposterior line of the perineum, most marked in the male, being continuous with the r. of the scrotum.r. perinei [NA];
r. perine´i [NA] perineal r
pharyngeal r. the central line of the pharynx posteriorly where the muscular fibers meet and partly interlace.r. pharyngis [NA];
r. pharyn´gis [NA] pharyngeal r
r. pon´tis [NA] the continuation of the r. medullae oblongatae into the pars dorsalis (or tegmentum) pontis.
pterygomandibular r. a tendinous thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia, separating and giving origin to the buccinator muscle anteriorly and the superior constrictor of the pharynx posteriorly.r. pterygomandibularis [NA], pterygomandibular ligament;
r. pterygomandibula´ris [NA] pterygomandibular r
r. ret´inae the horizontal line separating the superior and inferior portions of the temporal retina over which the retinal nerve fibers do not course.
scrotal r. a central line, like a cord, running over the scrotum from the anus to the root of the penis; it marks the position of the septum scroti.r. scroti [NA], Vesling's line;
r. scro´ti [NA] scrotal r
Stilling's r. the transverse interdigitations of fiber bundles across the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata at the decussation of the pyramidal tracts.
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Samuel Mitja, Russian biochemist, *1912. See R.-Luebering shunt.
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Abraham, Canadian urologist, *1926. See R. test.
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See under classification.
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1. A feeling of relationship, especially when characterized by emotional affinity. 2. A conscious feeling of harmonious accord, trust, empathy, and mutual responsiveness between two or more persons (e.g., physician and patient) that fosters the therapeutic process. [Fr.]
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See nitrogen narcosis (2).
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The process of becoming light or less dense; the condition of being light; opposed to condensation. [L. rarus, thin, + facio, to make]
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To become light or less dense.
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Abbreviation for reticular activating system.
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The transverse wrinkling on the anterior surface of the wrist. [Mod. L. raseta, fr. Ar. rahah, palm of hand]
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Lay term for a cutaneous eruption. [O. Fr. rasche, skin eruption, fr. L. rado, pp. rasus, to scratch, scrape]
ammonia r. diaper dermatitis
antitoxin r. a cutaneous manifestation of serum sickness.
astacoid r. a massive exfoliation, sometimes occurring in malignant smallpox, the color of which resembles that of a boiled lobster.
black currant r. the cutaneous eruption of lentigines seen in xeroderma pigmentosum.
butterfly r. butterfly (2)
caterpillar r. caterpillar dermatitis
crystal r. miliaria crystallina
diaper r. diaper dermatitis
drug r. drug eruption
heat r. miliaria rubra
hydatid r. a toxic eruption occasionally following the rupture of a hydatid cyst.
Murray Valley r. epidemic polyarthritis
napkin r. diaper dermatitis
nettle r. obsolete term for urticaria.
serum r. a cutaneous manifestation of serum sickness.
summer r. miliaria rubra
wildfire r. miliaria rubra
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The subdivision of a crude drug by a rasp to prepare it for extraction. [L. rasio, a scraping, fr. rado, pp. rasus, to scrape, shave]
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Fritz W., Danish physician, 1834-1881. See R.'s aneurysm.
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Grant L. American neuroanatomist, *1904. See bundle of Rasmussen.
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A surgical instrument used to smooth the edges of a divided bone. [L. raspatorium]
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Acronym for radioallergosorbent test.
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Gian C. See R.'s operation, operation.
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A rodent of the genus Rattus (family Muridae), involved in the spread of some diseases, including bubonic plague.
albino r.'s r.'s with white fur and pink eyes; used extensively in laboratory experiments.
Wistar r.'s an inbred strain of rats, homozygous at most loci, produced by strict brother-sister inbreeding over many generations to develop animals for research with the same general genetic composition. [Wistar Institute]
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1. A record of the measurement of an event or process in terms of its relation to some fixed standard; measurement is expressed as the ratio of one quantity to another (e.g., velocity, distance per unit time). 2. A measure of the frequency of an event in a defined population; the components of a r. are: the numerator (number of events); the denominator (population at risk of experiencing the event); the specified time in which the events occur; and usually a multiplier, a power of 10, which makes it possible to express the rate as a whole number rather than an awkward decimal. [L. ratum, a reckoning (see ratio)]
abortion r. the number of abortions per 1000 terminated pregnancies during a given period of time.
age-specific r. a r. for a specified age group, in which the numerator and denominator refer to the same age group.
attack r. a cumulative incidence rate used for particular groups observed for limited periods under special circumstances, such as during an epidemic.
average flow r. the flow r. determined by dividing the total volume of urine passed by the time of voiding.
basal metabolic r. (BMR) basal metabolism
baseline fetal heart r. the average heart r. for a particular fetus during the diastolic phase of uterine contractions.
birth r. a summary r. based on the number of live births in a population over a given period, usually one year; the numerator is the number of live births, the denominator is the midyear population.
case fatality r. the proportion of individuals contracting a disease that die of that disease.
concordance r. the proportion of a random sample of pairs that are concordant for a trait of interest. A high r. of concordance may be generated in several ways, many of which may result from irrelevant bias; but broadly it is taken as evidence of causal connection (e.g., in the case of identical twins, a genetic component or in spouses of assortative mating).
critical r. a heart r. at which aberration or incomplete block will occur; a result of shortening of cycle length so that it barely includes the refractory period.
death r. an estimate of the proportion of the population that dies during a specified period, usually a year; the numerator is the number of people dying, the denominator is the number in the population, usually an estimate of the number at the mid-period.crude death rate, mortality r;
erythrocyte sedimentation r. (ESR) the rate of settling of red blood cells in anticoagulated blood; increased r.'s are often associated with anemia or inflammatory states.
fatality r. the death r. observed in a designated series of persons affected by a simultaneous event such as a disaster.
fetal death r. the number of fetal deaths divided by the sum of live births and fetal deaths occurring in the same population during the same time period.stillbirth r;
fetal heart r. in the fetus, the number of heart beats per minute, normally 120 to 160.
five year survival r. the proportion of patients still alive five years after a diagnosis or form of treatment is completed. Usually applied to statistics of survival of cancer patients, since after five years, recurrences are much less likely to occur.
general fertility r. a refined measure of fertility in a population; the numerator is the number of live births in a year, the denominator is the number of females of child-bearing age, usually defined as ages 15-44 (but increasingly recognized as extending to age 49).
glomerular filtration r. (GFR) the volume of water filtered out of the plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit time; it is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance.
gross reproduction r. the average number of female children a woman would have if she survived to the end of her childbearing years and if, throughout that period, she were subject to a given set of age-specific fertility r.'s and a given sex ratio at birth; this r. provides a measure of the replacement fertility of a population in the absence of mortality.
growth r. absolute or relative growth increase, expressed per unit of time.
growth r. of population a measure of population change in the absence of migration, comprising addition of newborns and subtraction of deaths; the result is known as the natural r. of increase of the population; it is the difference between the crude birth r. and the crude death r.
hazard r. theoretical measure of the risk of occurrence of an event, e.g., death, new disease, at a point in time.
heart r. r. of the heart's beat, recorded as the number of beats per minute.
inception r. the r. at which new spells of illness or cases of a condition occur in a population.
incidence r. the r. at which new events occur in a population. The numerator is the number of new events occurring in a defined period; the denominator is the population at risk of experiencing the event during this period.
infant mortality r. a measure of the r. of deaths of liveborn infants before their first birthday; the numerator is the number of infants under one year of age born alive in a defined region during a calendar year who die before they are one year old; the denominator is the total number of live births; often quoted as a useful indicator of the level of health in a community.
initial r. initial velocity
lethality r. mortality r
maternal death r. the number of maternal deaths that occur as the direct result of the reproductive process per 100,000 live births. See rate. See also maternal death.
mitotic r. the proportion of cells in a tissue that are undergoing mitosis, expressed as a mitotic index or, roughly, as the number of cells in mitosis in each microscopic high-power field in tissue sections.
morbidity r. the proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.
mortality r. death rlethality r., mortality (2);
mutation r. the probability (or proportion) of progeny genes with a particular component of the genome not present in either biological parent; usually expressed as the number of mutants per generation occurring at one gene or locus.
neonatal mortality r. the number of deaths in the first 28 days of life divided by the number of live births occurring in the same population during the same period of time.
peak flow r. maximum urinary flow r. during voiding as measured by a uroflowmeter.
perinatal mortality r. the number of stillborn infants of 24 completed weeks or more plus the number of deaths occurring under 7 days of life divided by the number of stillborn infants of 24 weeks or more gestation plus all liveborn infants in the same population, regardless of the period of gestation.
pulse r. r. of the pulse as observed in an artery; recorded as beats per minute.
recurrence r. in genetic counseling, the risk that a future offspring will be affected given some specific set of relatives of whom at least one is already affected.
repetition r. the number of pulses per minute, describing an energy outpute.g., ultrasound pulses in echocardiography rather than vascular pulses.
respiration r. frequency of breathing, recorded as the number of breaths per minute.
sedimentation r. the sinking velocity of blood cells, i.e., the degree of rapidity with which the red cells sink in a mass of drawn blood.
shear r. the change in velocity of parallel planes in a flowing fluid separated by unit distance; its units expressed in seconds-1.
slew r. in electronic pacemaker function, the maximum rate of change of an amplifier output voltage; important variable affecting heart function as controlled by an electronic pacemaker. Sensing circuits in the pacemaker often respond to the slew r. rather than to the absolute amplitude of the voltage pulse.
steady-state r. steady-state velocity
steroid metabolic clearance r. (MCR) a measure of the r. of metabolism of a given steroid within the body, usually expressed as liters of body fluid that contain the amount of steroid metabolized per day.
steroid production r. the total quantity of a given steroid formed in the body, usually expressed as milligrams per day; represents the sum of the glandular secretion of the steroid and extraglandular formation of it from various steroid precursors.
steroid secretory r. the r. of glandular secretion of a given steroid, usually expressed as milligrams per day; does not include any amount of the steroid that might be formed extraglandularly.
stillbirth r. fetal death r
voiding flow r. urinary flow as a function of time during micturition, as graphically recorded by a flow meter.
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Martin H., German anatomist, physiologist, and pathologist, 1793-1860. See R.'s bundles, under bundle, cleft cyst, diverticulum, pocket, pouch, pouch tumor.
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An expression of the relation of one quantity to another (e.g., of a proportion or rate). See also index (2), quotient. [L. ratio (ration-) a reckoning, reason, fr. reor, pp. ratus, to reckon, compute]
absolute terminal innervation r. the number of motor endplates divided by the number of terminal axons related to them.
accommodative convergence-accommodation r. (AC/A) the amount of convergence (measured in prism diopters of convergence) divided by the amount of accommodation (measured in diopters) required to direct both eyes upon an object.
A/G r. abbreviation for albumin-globulin r.
albumin-globulin r. (A/G r.) the r. of albumin to globulin in the serum or in the urine in kidney disease; the normal r. in the serum is approximately 1.55.
ALT:AST r. the r. of serum alanine aminotransferase to serum aspartate aminotransferase; elevated serum levels of both enzymes characterize hepatic disease; when both levels are abnormally elevated and the ALT:AST r. is greater than 1.0, severe hepatic necrosis or alcoholic hepatic disease is likely; when the r. is less than 1.0, an acute non-alcoholic hepatic condition is favored.
amylase-creatinine clearance r. a test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis; it is determined by measuring amylase and creatinine in serum and urine in apparently healthy individuals the renal clearance of amylase is less than 5% that of creatinine; in acute pancreatitis the r. is said to be greater than 0.05 or 5%.
body-weight r. body weight (in grams) divided by stature (in centimeters).
cardiothoracic r. the r. of the horizontal diameter of the heart to the inner diameter of the rib cage at its widest point as determined on a chest roentgenogram.
case fatality r. the mortality rate of a disease, usually expressed per 100 cases.
r. of decayed and filled surfaces (RDFS) an index of decayed and filled permanent surfaces per person, per full complement of 122 tooth surfaces.
r. of decayed and filled teeth (RDFT) an index of decayed and filled permanent teeth per person, per full complement of 28 teeth.
extraction r. (E) the fraction of a substance removed from the blood flowing through the kidney; it is calculated from the formula (A -V)/A, where A and V, respectively, are the concentrations of the substance in arterial and renal venous plasma.
fertility r. A measure of the fertility of a population based on the female population in the child-bearing age-group, defined as ages 15-49 years.
flux r. the r. of the two unidirectional fluxes through a particular boundary layer or membrane.
functional terminal innervation r. the number of muscle fibers divided by the number of axons that innervate them.
grid r. in a radiographic scatter-absorbing grid, the r. of the height to the width of the gaps between lead strips; a higher grid r. removes more scattered radiation but requires more careful x-ray tube positioning to avoid grid cutoff of the primary radiation beam.
gyromagnetic r. in nuclear magnetic resonance, the r. of the magnetic dipole moment of the nucleus to the nuclear spin angular momentum; the gyromagnetic r. is a unique value for each type of nucleus.magnetogyric r;
hand r. the r. of the length of the hand (measured on the dorsum from the styloid process of the ulna to the tip of the third finger) to the width across the knuckles.
IRI/G r. the r. of immunoreactive insulin to serum or plasma glucose; in hypoglycemic states a r. of less than 0.3 is usual with the exception of the hypoglycemia due to insulinoma, where the r. is often higher than 0.3.
K:A r. abbreviation for ketogenic-antiketogenic r.
ketogenic-antiketogenic r. (K:A r.) the proportion between substances that form ketones in the body and those that form d-glucose.
lecithin/sphingomyelin r. (L/S r.) a r. used to determine fetal pulmonary maturity, found by testing the amniotic fluid; when the lungs are mature, lecithin exceeds sphingomyelin by 2 to 1.
L/S r. abbreviation for lecithin/sphingomyelin r.
magnetogyric r. (mag´ne-to-gy-rik) gyromagnetic r
mass-action r. the ratio of the product of all of the product concentrations divided by the product of all of the reactant concentrations of a particular reaction; when the reaction has been completed (i.e., t = infinite), then this r. is equal to the equilibrium constant.
M:E r. the r. of myeloid to erythroid precursors in bone marrow; normally it varies from 2:1 to 4:1; an increased r. is found in infections, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or erythroid hypoplasia; a decreased r. may mean a depression of leukopoiesis or normoblastic hyperplasia depending on the overall cellularity of the bone marrow.
mendelian r. the r. of progeny with a particular phenotypes or genotypes expected in accordance with Mendel's law among the offspring of matings specified as to genotype or phenotype.
molecular weight r. (Mr) molecular weight
nuclear-cytoplasmic r. r. of volume of nucleus to volume of cytoplasm, fairly constant for a particular cell type and usually increased in malignant neoplasms.
nucleolar-nuclear r. r. of volume of nucleolus to volume of nucleus, usually increased in malignant neoplasms.
nutritive r. the ratio or proportion of digestible protein to digestible non-nitrogenous nutrients in a ration for livestock.
P/O r. a measure of oxidative phosphorylation; the r. of phosphate radicals esterified (forming adenosine 5´-triphosphate from adenosine 5´-diphosphate) to atoms of oxygen consumed by mitochondria; normally, the r. is 3 (starting from NADH).P/O quotient;
respiratory exchange r. the r. of the net output of carbon dioxide to the simultaneous net uptake of oxygen at a given site, both expressed as moles or STPD volumes per unit time; in the steady state, respiratory exchange r. is equal to the respiratory quotient of metabolic processes.
segregation r. in genetics, the proportion of progeny of a particular genotype or phenotype from actual matings of specified genotypes. The test of a Mendelian hypothesis is the comparison of the segregation r. with the Mendelian r.
sex r. 1. the r. of male to female progeny at some specified stage of the life cycle, notably at conception (primary), at birth (secondary), or at any stage between birth and death (tertiary); 2. the r. of the numbers of males to females affected by a particular disease or trait.
signal-to-noise r. the relative intensity of a signal to the random variation in signal intensity, or noise; used to evaluate many imaging techniques and electronic systems.
standardized mortality r. the r. of the number of events observed in a population to the number that would be expected if the population had the same distribution as a standard or reference population.
systolic/diastolic r. a calculation from pulsed Doppler ultrasound determinations of blood flow velocities that reflects intrinsic resistance in an arterial blood vessel.
therapeutic r. the r. of the maximally tolerated dose of a drug to the minimal curative or effective dose; LD50 divided by ED50.
variance r. (F) the distribution of the r. of two independent estimates of the same variance from a gaussian distribution based on samples of sizes (n + 1) and (m + 1) respectively. Estimates are usually based on one such sample analyzed in such a way as to make them independent e.g., analysis of variance; and F may be used to test a null hypothesis that the observed differences among sample means is no greater than could readily be accounted for by chance.
ventilation/perfusion r. (Va/Q) the r. of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung; because both ventilation and perfusion are expressed per unit volume of tissue and per unit time, which cancel, the units become liters of gas per liter of blood.
zeta sedimentation r. (ZSR) the r. of the zetacrit to the hematocrit, normally 0.41 to 0.54 (41 to 54%); it is a sensitive indicator of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and, unlike the latter, is unaffected by anemia, which tends to elevate the ESR.
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1. Pertaining to reasoning or to the higher thought processes; based on objective or scientific knowledge, in contrast to empirical (1). 2. Influenced by reasoning rather than by emotion. 3. Having the reasoning faculties; not delirious or comatose. [L. rationalis, fr. ratio, reason]
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A postulated psychoanalytic defense mechanism through which irrational behavior, motives, or feelings are made to appear reasonable. [L. ratio, reason]
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See Kurzrok-Ratner test.
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arsenic
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A member of the crotalid genera Crotalus and Sistrurus, characterized by possession of cuticular warning rattles at the tip of the tail.
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The rats, a genus of rodents, family Muridae. R. rattus, the black r., is the species most commonly responsible for transmitting plague to man by means of its flea, Xenopsylla cheopis; it is smaller and darker in color than the Norwegian, sewer, or brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and has longer ears and tail. See rat.
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Johann J., Dutch anatomist, 1668-1719. See R.'s process; processus ravii.
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August A., German anatomist, 1841-1917. See R.'s layer.
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F.J., 20th century U.S. oncologist. See R.'s virus.
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A genus of tropical trees and shrubs (family Apocynaceae). The powdered whole root of R. serpentina contains alkaloids that produce a sedative-antihypertensive-bradycrotic action; approximately 50% of the total activity is due to reserpine. [L. Rauwolf, German botanist, 16th century]
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Abbreviation for Rous-associated virus.
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See Rau.
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1. A beam of light, heat, or other form of radiation. The r.'s from radium and other radioactive substances are produced by a spontaneous disintegration of the atom; they are electrically charged particles or electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength. 2. A part or branch that extends radially from a structure. [L. radius]
actinic r. a light r. toward and beyond the violet end of the spectrum that acts upon a photographic plate and produces other chemical effects.chemical r;
alpha r. alpha particle
anode r.'s those originating in a gas discharge tube and moving in a direction opposite to that of cathode r.'s; made up of positively charged ions.positive r.'s;
Becquerel r.'s obsolete term for radiations given off by uranium and other radioactive substances; these include alpha, beta, and gamma r.'s.
beta r. beta particle
cathode r.'s a stream of electrons emitted from the negative electrode (cathode) in a Crookes tube; their bombardment of the anode or the glass wall of the tube gives rise to x-r.'s.
chemical r. actinic r
cosmic r.'s high velocity particles of enormous energies, bombarding earth from outer space; the "primary radiation" consists of protons and more complex atomic nuclei that, on striking the atmosphere, give rise to neutrons, mesons, and other less energetic "secondary radiation."
direct r.'s primary r.'s (2)
Dorno r.'s the ultraviolet r.'s with wavelengths below 289 nm; those biologically active.
gamma r.'s electromagnetic radiation emitted from radioactive substances; they are high energy x-r's, but originate from the nucleus rather than the orbital shell, and are not deflected by a magnet.
glass r.'s those formed by cathode r.'s striking the wall of an x-ray tube.
grenz r. (grents) very soft x-r.'s, closely allied to the ultraviolet r.'s in their wavelength (i.e., long) and in their biologic action upon tissues; they are produced by a specially built vacuum tube with a hot cathode operating from a transformer delivering not more than 8 kw. [Ger. Grenze, borderline, boundary]
H r.'s a stream of hydrogen nuclei; i.e., protons.
hard r.'s r.'s of short wavelength and great penetrability.
incident r. the r. that strikes the surface before reflection.
indirect r.'s x-r.'s generated at a surface other than the anode target.
infrared r. See infrared.
intermediate r.'s those between ultraviolet and x-r.'s.W r.'s;
marginal r.'s in geometric optics, those r.'s originating from the periphery.
medullary r. the center of the renal lobule, which has the shape of a small, steep pyramid, consisting of straight tubular parts; these may be either ascending or descending limbs of the nephronic loop or collecting tubules.pars radiata lobuli corticalis renis [NA], Ferrein's pyramid, processus ferreini;
monochromatic r.'s light r.'s or ionizing radiation of a very narrow band of wavelengths (ideally, of a single wavelength). Cf. photopeak, characteristic radiation.
Niewenglowski r.'s radiation emitted from a phosphorescent body after exposure to sunlight.
parallel r.'s r.'s parallel to the axis of an optical system.
paraxial r.'s in geometric optics, those r.'s focused at the principal point.
positive r.'s anode r.'s
primary r.'s 1. cosmic r.'s in the form in which they first strike the atmosphere; 2. x-r.'s generated at the focal spot of the tube.direct r.'s;
reflected r. a r. of light or other form of radiant energy which is thrown back from a nonpermeable or nonabsorbing surface; the r. which strikes the surface before reflection is the incident r.
roentgen r. x-ray
secondary r.'s x-r.'s generated when primary x-r.'s impinge upon matter; scattered radiation.
soft r.'s x-r.'s of relatively long wavelength and slight penetrability.
supersonic r.'s r.'s with a wavelength higher than that perceptible to the human ear, above 20,000 Hz.
ultrasonic r.'s See ultrasonic.
ultraviolet r.'s See ultraviolet.
W r.'s intermediate r.'s
x-r. See x-ray.
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Pierre F., French physician, 1793-1867. See R.'s disease.
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Unit of acoustic impedance. 1 rayl = 1 kg x m-2 x sec-1. [Baron Rayleigh (John W. Strutt), Eng. physicist]
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Lord John W.S., British physicist and Nobel laureate, 1842-1919. See R. equation, test.
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Maurice, French physician, 1834-1881. See R.'s syndrome, disease, phenomenon, sign.
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Symbol for rubidium.
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See R-banding stain.
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Abbreviation for red blood cell; red blood count.
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Abbreviation used in radiation protection for relative biologic effectiveness; same as quality factor, QF.
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Abbreviation for renal blood flow. See effective renal blood flow.
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Physicians (of England).
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Physicians.
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Physicians (Edinburgh). 3. Symbol for reactivity.
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Physicians (Ireland).
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Surgeons (England).
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Surgeons of Canada.
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh).
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Abbreviation for Royal College of Surgeons (Ireland).
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Abbreviation for randomized controlled trial.
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Abbreviation for reaction of degeneration; registered dietician.
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Abbreviation for recommended daily allowance.
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Abbreviation for ratio of decayed and filled surfaces.
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Abbreviation for ratio of decayed and filled teeth.
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Abbreviation for Registered Dental Hygienist.
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Abbreviation for right eye.
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Symbol for rhenium.
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Prefix meaning again or backward. [L.]
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To take part in or to undergo a chemical reaction. [Mod. L. reactus]
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The weakening of an alternating electric current by passage through a coil of wire or a condenser.inductive resistance;
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A substance taking part in a chemical reaction.
acute phase r.'s alpha and beta serum proteins whose concentrations increase or decrease in response to acute inflammation.
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1. The response of a muscle or other living tissue or organism to a stimulus. 2. The color change effected in litmus and certain other organic pigments by contact with substances such as acids or alkalies; also the property that such substances possess of producing this change. 3. In chemistry, the intermolecular action of two or more substances upon each other, whereby these substances are caused to disappear, new ones being formed in their place (chemical r.). 4. In immunology, in vivo or in vitro action of antibody on specific antigen, with or without involvement of complement or other components of the immunological system. [L. re-, again, backward, + actio, action]
accelerated r. a response occurring in a shorter time than expected; the cutaneous manifestations occurring during the period between the second and tenth day following smallpox vaccination; because it is intermediate between a primary r. and an immediate r., it is regarded as evidence of some degree of resistance.vaccinoid r;
acid r. 1. any test by which an acid r. is recognized such as the change of blue litmus paper to red; 2. an excess of hydrogen ions over hydroxide ions in aqueous solution indicated by a pH value less than 7 (at 22°C). Cf. dissociation constant of water.
acute phase r. refers to the changes in synthesis of certain proteins within the serum during an inflammatory response; this response provides rapid protection for the host against microorganisms via nonspecific defense mechanisms.
acute situational r. stress r
acute stress r. anxiety r
adverse r. any undesirable or unwanted consequence of a preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedure or regimen.
alarm r. the various phenomena, e.g., stimulated endocrine activity, which the body exhibits as an adaptive response to injury or stress; first phase of the general adaptation syndrome.
aldehyde r. the r. of the indole derivatives with aromatic aldehydes; e.g., tryptophan and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in H2SO4 give a red-violet color useful in assaying proteins for tryptophan content.Ehrlich r;
alkaline r. 1. any test by which an alkaline r. is recognized, such as the change of red litmus paper to blue; 2. an excess of hydroxide ions over hydrogen ions in aqueous solution as indicated by a pH value greater than 7 (at 22°C). Cf. dissociation constant of water. basic r;
allergic r. a local or general r. of an organism following contact with a specific allergen to which it has been previously exposed and sensitized; immunologic interaction of endogenous or exogenous antigen with antibody or sensitized lymphocytes gives rise to inflammation or tissue damage. Allergic r.'s are classified into four major types: type I, anaphylactic and IgE dependent; type II, cytotoxic; type III, immune-complex mediated; type IV, cell-mediated (delayed).hypersensitivity r;
amphoteric r. a double r. possessed by certain fluids which have a combination of acid and alkaline properties.
anamnestic r. augmented production of an antibody due to previous response of the subject to stimulus by the same antigen.
anaphylactic r. (an´a-fI-lak´tik) anaphylaxis
anaplerotic r. See anaplerotic.
antigen-antibody r. (AAR) the phenomenon, occurring in vitro or in vivo, of antibody combining with antigen of the type that stimulated the formation of the antibody, thereby resulting in agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, greater susceptibility to ingestion and destruction by phagocytes, or neutralization of exotoxin. See also skin test.
anxiety r. a psychological r. or experience involving the apprehension of danger accompanied by a feeling of dread and such physical symptoms as an increase in the rate of breathing, sweating, and tachycardia, in the absence of a clearly identifiable fear stimulus; when chronic, it is called generalized anxiety disorder. See also panic attack.acute stress r;
Arias-Stella r. Arias-Stella phenomenon
arousal r. change in pattern of the brain waves when the subject is suddenly awakened and becomes alert.
Arthus r. 1. Arthus phenomenon 2. arthus-type r.'s, r.'s in man and other species that result from the same basic immunologic (allergic) mechanism which evokes, in the rabbit, the typical Arthus phenomenon. See also immune complex disease.
Ascoli r. a method for confirming the diagnosis of anthrax by means of a precipitin r. which indicates the presence of heat-stable Bacillus anthracis antigen in the extracted tissue.
associative r. a secondary or side r.
basic r. alkaline r
Bence Jones r. the classic means of identifying Bence Jones protein, which precipitates when urine (from patients with this type of proteinuria) is gradually warmed to 45° to 70°C and redissolves as the urine is heated to near boiling; as the specimen cools, the Bence Jones protein precipitates in the indicated range of temperature, and redissolves as the temperature of the specimen becomes less than 30° to 35°C.
Berthelot r. the r. of ammonia with phenol-hypochlorite to give indophenol; the principle is used to analyze ammonia concentration in body fluids.
bi-bi r. a r. catalyzed by a single enzyme in which two substrates and two products are involved; the ping-pong mechanism may be involved in such a r. Cf. mechanism.
Bittorf's r. in cases of renal colic, pain radiating to the kidney upon squeezing the testicle or pressing the ovary.
biuret r. the formation of biuret (NH2CONHCONH2), which gives a violet color due to the r. of a polypeptide of more than three amino acids with CuSO4 in strongly alkaline solution; dipeptides and amino acids (except histidine, serine, and threonine) do not so react; used for the detection and quantitation of polypeptides, or proteins, in biological fluids.
Bloch's r. dopa r
Bordet and Gengou r. See complement fixation.
Brunn r. the increased absorption of water through the skin of the frog when the animal is injected with pituitrin and immersed in water; one of the physiological reactions used to study and classify posterior pituitary polypeptides and their analogues.
Burchard-Liebermann r. a blue-green color produced by acetic anhydride with cholesterol (and other sterols) dissolved in chloroform, when a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid are added. See Liebermann-Burchard test.
Cannizzaro's r. formation of an acid and an alcohol by the simultaneous oxidation of one aldehyde molecule and reduction of another; a dismutation: 2RCHO -> RCOOH + RCH2OH; when the aldehydes are not identical, this is referred to as a crossed Cannizzaro reaction.
capsular precipitation r. quellung r. (2)
Carr-Price r. the r. of antimony trichloride with vitamin A to yield a brilliant blue color; this r. forms the basis of several quantitative techniques for the determination of vitamin A.
catalatic r. decomposition of H2O2 to O2 and H2O, as in the action of catalase; analogous to peroxidase r.
catastrophic r. the disorganized behavior that is the response to a severe shock or threatening situation with which the person cannot cope.
cell-mediated r. immunological r. of the delayed type, involving chiefly T lymphocytes, important in host defense against infection, in autoimmune diseases, and in transplant rejection. See also skin test.
chain r. a self-perpetuating r. in which a product of one step in the r. itself serves to bring about the next step in the r., and so on. Cf. autocatalysis.
Chantemesse r. a conjunctival r., especially as applied to typhoid.
cholera-red r. a test for cholera vibrio whereby the addition of 3 or 4 drops of sulfuric acid (concentrated, chemically pure) to an 18-hour-old bouillon or peptone culture of the organism produces a color from rose-pink to claret.
chromaffin r. production of a yellow-brown to brown coloration in normal and abnormal cells containing epinephrine and norepinephrine, when fresh tissue slices are placed in a dichromate-chromate mixture overnight; useful for detection of pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla) and other tumors which produce catecholamines.
circular r. in sensorimotor theory, the tendency of an organism to repeat novel experiences.
cocarde r. , cockade r. See Römer's test.
colloidal gold r. a test (now obsolete) based on precipitation of cerebrospinal fluid protein when mixed with colloidal gold. Abnormalities in this reaction were observed in patients with syphilis, multiple sclerosis, poliomyelitis, and encephalitis.
complement-fixation r. See complement fixation.
consensual r. contraction of the pupil of the fellow eye in consensus with the pupil of the illuminated eye.consensual light reflex, indirect pupillary r;
constitutional r. a generalized r. in contrast to a focal or local r.; in allergy the immediate or delayed response, following the introduction of an allergen, occurring at sites remote from that of injection.
conversion r. conversion hysteria
cross r. a specific r. between an antiserum and an antigen complex other than the antigen complex that evoked the various specific antibodies of the antiserum, due to at least one antigenic determinant that is included among the determinants of the other complex.
cutaneous r. cutireaction
cutaneous graft versus host r. an acute erythematous maculopapular r. with bulla formation in the most severe cases; chronic changes may resemble lichen planus or scleroderma.
cytotoxic r. an immunologic (allergic) r. in which noncytotropic IgG or IgM antibody combines with specific antigen on cell surfaces; the resulting complex initiates the activation of complement which causes cell lysis or other damage, or which, in the absence of complement, may lead to phagocytosis or may enhance T lymphocyte involvement.
Dale r. See Schultz-Dale r.
dark r. in photosynthesis, the fixation of CO2 into carbohydrate, which is independent in place and time of the absorption of light.
decidual r. the cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium at the time of implantation.
r. of degeneration (DR, R.D.) the electrical r. in a degenerated nerve and the muscles supplied by it; characterized by absence of response to both galvanic and faradic stimulus in the nerve and to faradic stimulus in the muscles; the muscles may still respond to galvanic stimulation, but the cathodal closing contraction is greater than the anodal closing contraction, the reverse of normal.
delayed r. a local or generalized response that begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure to an antigen. See cell-mediated r.contact hypersensitivity (2), delayed hypersensitivity (2), late r., tuberculin-type hypersensitivity;
depot r. reddening of the skin at the point where the needle entered, in the subcutaneous tuberculin test.
depressive r. depression
dermotuberculin r. Pirquet's test
diazo r. the r. of diazotized sulfanilic acid with bilirubin to form azobilirubin, which forms the basis of quantitating the amount of bilirubin in biological fluids. See van den Bergh's test.Ehrlich's diazo r;
digitonin r. the r. of naturally occurring steroids with 3beta-hydroxyl groups with digitonin, a steroid glycoside, resulting in the formation of an insoluble precipitate; useful in determining the presence of cholesterol and ergosterol.
Dische r. the assay of DNA by means of the blue color formed with diphenylamine in acid (Dische reagent).
dissociative r. r. characterized by such dissociative behavior as amnesia, fugues, sleepwalking, and dream states.
dopa r. a dark staining observed in fresh tissue sections to which a solution of dopa has been applied, presumably due to the presence of dopa oxidase in the protoplasm of certain cells.Bloch's r;
dystonic r. a state of abnormal tension or muscle tone, similar to dystonia, produced as a side effect of certain antipsychotic medication; a severe form, where the eyes appear to roll up into the head, is called oculogyric crisis.
early r. immediate r
echo r. echolalia
Ehrlich r. aldehyde r
Ehrlich's benzaldehyde r. a test for urobilinogen in the urine, by dissolving 2 g of dimethyl-p-aminobenzaldehyde in 100 ml of 5% hydrochloric acid and adding this reagent to urine; a red color in the cold indicates the presence of an excessive amount of urobilinogen.
Ehrlich's diazo r. diazo r
eosinopenic r. reduction in the numbers of circulating eosinophils by ACTH or by adrenal corticoids.
erythrophore r. a reddish coloration (nuptial coloration) caused in certain male fishes (bitterling) by the injection of the gonad hormone.fish test;
eye-closure pupil r. a constriction of both pupils when an effort is made to close eyelids forcibly held apart. A variant of the pupil response to near vision.Galassi's pupillary phenomenon, Gifford's reflex, lid-closure r., orbicularis phenomenon, orbicularis pupillary reflex, Piltz sign, Westphal's pupillary reflex, Westphal-Piltz phenomenon;
false-negative r. an erroneous or mistakenly negative response.
false-positive r. an erroneous or mistakenly positive response.
Fenton r. 1. the use of H2O2 and ferrous salts (Fenton's reagent) to oxidize a-hydroxy acids to a-keto acids or to convert 1,2-glycols to a-hydroxy aldehydes; 2. the formation of OH., OH-, and Fe3+ from the nonenzymatic r. of Fe2+ with H2O2; a r. of importance in the oxidative stress in blood cells and various tissues.
Fernandez r. a delayed hypersensitivity lepromin r., similar to a tuberculin r., at the site of intradermal injection of Dharmendra antigen in a lepromin test.
ferric chloride r. of epinephrine an intense emerald green color in a neutral or slightly acid solution of epinephrine when ferric chloride is added to it; a r. typical of catechols.
Feulgen r. See Feulgen stain.
fight or flight r. the theory advanced by Walter Cannon, that in the autonomic nervous system and the effectors connected with it, the organism in situations of danger requiring either fight or flight is provided with a check-and-drive mechanism that puts it in readiness to meet emergencies with undivided energy output. Also known as the emergency theory.
first-order r. a r. the rate of which is proportional to the concentration of the single substance undergoing change; radioactive decay is a first-order process, defined by the equation -(dN/dt)=kN, where N is the number of atoms subject to decay (reaction), t is time, and k is the first-order decay (reaction) constant, i.e., the fraction of all atoms decaying per unit of time. See also decay constant, order.
fixation r. See complement fixation.
flocculation r. a form of precipitin r. in which precipitation occurs over a narrow range of antigen-antibody ratio, due chiefly to peculiarities of the antibody (precipitin).
focal r. a r. which occurs at the point of entrance of an infecting organism or of an injection, as in the Arthus phenomenon.local r;
Folin's r. the r. of amino acids in alkaline solution with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (Folin's reagent) to yield a red color; useful for quantitative assay.Folin's reagent;
Forssman r. Forssman antigen-antibody r
Forssman antigen-antibody r. the combination of Forssman antibody with heterogenetic antigen of the Forssman type, as in the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes (which contain Forssman antigen) by serum from a person with infectious mononucleosis which contains Forssman antibody.Forssman r;
fragment r. a r. used to assay the activity of peptidyl transferase.
Frei-Hoffmann r. Frei test
fright r. after section and degeneration of the facial nerve of an animal, the denervated facial muscles contract if the animal is frightened or becomes angry; due to the release of acetylcholine into the circulation.
fuchsinophil r. the property possessed by certain elements, when stained with acid fuchsin, of retaining the stain when treated with picric acid alcohol.
furfurol r. production of a red color on addition of furfurol to a solution of aniline.
galvanic skin r. galvanic skin response
gel diffusion r.'s gel diffusion precipitin tests, under test
Gell and Coombs r.'s See allergic r.
gemistocytic r. a r. to injury resulting in the proliferation of reactive, protoplastic, or gemistocytic astrocytes.
general adaptation r. See general adaptation syndrome.
Gerhardt's r. Gerhardt's test for acetoacetic acid
graft versus host r. (GVHR) clinical and histologic changes of graft versus host disease occurring in a specific organ.
group r. a r. with an agglutinin or other antibody that is common (though usually in varying concentrations) to an entire group of related bacteria, e.g., the coli group.
Gruber's r. Widal's r
Gruber-Widal r. Widal's r
Günning's r. the formation of iodoform from acetone by iodine and ammonia in alcohol.
Haber-Weiss r. the reaction of superoxide (O2. - with hydrogen peroxide to produce molecular oxygen (O2), hydroxide radical (OH. ), and OH-; often, iron catalyzed; a source of oxidative stress in blood cells and various tissues.
harlequin r. sudden blanching of the lower half of the body of an infant lying on its side, leaving the remaining half of the body the normal pink color.
heel-tap r. See heel tap.
hemoclastic r. hemolysis as observed in the laking of the blood.
Henle's r. dark brown staining of the medullary cells of the adrenal bodies when treated with the salts of chromium, the cortical cells remaining unstained.
Herxheimer's r. an inflammatory r. in syphilitic tissues (skin, mucous membrane, nervous system, or viscera) induced in certain cases by specific treatment with Salvarsan, mercury, or antibiotics; believed to be due to a rapid release of treponemal antigen with an associated allergic reaction in the patient.Jarisch-Herxheimer r;
Hill r. that portion of the photosynthesis r. that involves the photolysis of water and the liberation of oxygen and does not include carbon dioxide fixation. It involves the addition of oxidants (quinones or ferricyanide) to chloroplasts; upon illumination, O2 is evolved and the added oxidant is reduced.
homograft r. rejection of an allogenic graft by the host.
hunting r. an unusual r. of digital blood vessels exposed to cold; vasoconstriction is alternated with vasodilation in irregular repeated sequences, in an apparent hunting of equilibrium of skin temperature.hunting phenomenon;
hypersensitivity r. allergic r
id r. an allergic manifestation of candidiasis, the dermatophytoses, and other mycoses characterized by itching, vesicular lesions that appear in response to circulating antigens at sites that are often far distant from the primary fungal lesion itself. See also dermatophytid, -id (1).
r. of identity See gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions, under test.
immediate r. local or generalized response that begins within a few minutes to about an hour after exposure to an antigen to which the individual has been sensitized. See also skin test, wheal-and-erythema r.early r;
immediate hypersensitivity r. an immune response mediated by antibody, usually IgE, which occurs within minutes after a second encounter with an antigen, resulting in the release of histamine and subsequent swelling and vasodilation.
immune r. antigen-antibody r. indicating a certain degree of resistance, usually in reference to the 36- to 48-hour reaction in vaccination against smallpox; because the degree of resistance indicated by the r. is not true immunity and may disappear relatively rapidly there is a tendency to refer to the immune r. as an allergic r.
incompatible blood transfusion r. a syndrome due to intravascular hemolysis of transfused blood by serum antibodies of the recipient, which react with an antigen of the donor red cells; characterized by chills, fever (often with urticaria), backache or muscle cramps, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and oliguria, which may result in acute renal failure, DIC, and death.
indirect pupillary r. consensual r
intracutaneous r. , intradermal r. a r. following the injection of antigen into the skin of a sensitive subject, such as in the case of the tuberculin test.
iodate r. of epinephrine a r. dependent upon the oxidation of epinephrine by iodine liberated from iodate, which is decomposed by the hormone; a faint pink color results.
iodine r. of epinephrine a r. resulting from the oxidation of the hormone, a faint pink color appearing upon the addition of iodine.
irreversible r. a r. or response by the tissues to a pathogenic agent characterized by a permanent pathologic change.
Jaffe r. a bright orange-red complex resulting from the treatment of creatinine with alkaline picrate solution; the basis of most routine creatinine tests.
Jarisch-Herxheimer r. Herxheimer's r
Jolly's r. rapid loss of response to faradic stimulation of a muscle with the galvanic response and the power of voluntary contraction retained.myasthenic r;
Kiliani-Fischer r. See Kiliani-Fischer synthesis.
late r. delayed r
lengthening r. in the decerebrate animal, the rather sudden relaxation with lengthening of the extensor muscles when a limb is passively flexed; associated with clasp-knife spasticity.
lepromin r. a delayed hypersensitivity r. at the site of an intradermal injection of a lepromin, such as the Dharmendra antigen or Mitsuda antigen, in a lepromin test; the r.'s, such as the Fernandez or Mitsuda r., are variable, occurring in 48 hours or three to five weeks, but are uniformly negative in lepromatous leprosy, borderline leprosy, and mid-borderline leprosy.
leukemoid r. See leukemoid reaction.
lid-closure r. eye-closure pupil r
Liebermann-Burchard r. See Burchard-Liebermann r.
local r. focal r
local anesthetic r. a toxic r. due to absorption of local anesthetic drug during regional anesthesia, ranging from drowsiness to convulsions and cardiovascular collapse.
Loewenthal's r. the agglutinative r. in relapsing fever.
Lohmann r. the r. catalyzed by creatine kinase.
magnet r. a r. seen in an animal deprived of its cerebellum; when the animal is placed upon its back and the head strongly flexed, the four limbs become flexed in all their joints. Due to stimulation of receptors in the deep layers of the skin, light pressure made upon a toe-pad with the finger causes reflex contraction of the limb extensors; the limb is thus pressed gently against the finger, and when the finger is withdrawn slightly, the experimenter has the sensation that his finger is raising the limb or drawing it out as by a magnet.
Marchi's r. failure of the myelin sheath of a nerve to blacken when submitted to the action of osmic acid.
Mazzotti r. Mazzotti test
Millon r. the r. of phenolic compounds (e.g., tyrosine in protein) with Hg(NO3)2 in HNO3 (and a trace of HNO2) to give a red color.
miostagmin r. a physiochemical immunity test, designed by Ascoli, consisting in determination of the surface tension of an immune serum to which its specific antigen has been added, before and after incubation at 37°C for 2 hours; in a positive r. the surface tension, as measured by the stalagmometer, is lowered.
Mitsuda r. a delayed hypersensitivity lepromin r., in the form of erythematous papular nodules, at the site of intradermal injection of Mitsuda antigen in a lepromin test.
mixed agglutination r. immune agglutination in which the aggregates contain cells of two different kinds but with common antigenic determinants; when used to identify isoantigens, the test cells are exposed to appropriate isoantibody, washed, and then mixed with indicator erythrocytes that combine with free sites on the test cell-attached isoantibody.mixed agglutination;
mixed lymphocyte culture r. See mixed lymphocyte culture test.
monomolecular r. a r. involving a single molecule (e.g., decomposition, intramolecular rearrangement, intramolecular oxidation or reduction), even if a catalytic agent, such as acid or alkali, is present in large excess, on a molecular basis, or is not rate-determining; such r.'s are usually first-order r.'s. Cf. molecularity. unimolecular r;
myasthenic r. Jolly's r
Nadi r. peroxidase r
near r. the pupillary constriction associated with a near vision effort, i.e., with accommodation and convergence.
Neufeld r. Neufeld capsular swelling
neurotonic r. muscular contraction continuing well after cessation of stimulation.
neutral r. pH of 7.00; H+ and OH- ion concentrations equal at 10-7 m at 22°C. Cf. dissociation constant of water.
ninhydrin r. a test for proteins, peptones, peptides, and amino acids possessing free carboxyl and a-amino groups that is based upon the r. with triketohydrinene hydrate; a blue color r. is used to quantitate free amino acids (e.g., after hydrolysis and separation of the amino acids of a protein).triketohydrindene r;
nitritoid r. a severe r. resembling that following the administration of nitrites, sometimes following intravenous administration of arsphenamine or other drugs; consists of flushing of the face, edema of the tongue and lips, vomiting, profuse sweating, a fall in blood pressure, and sometimes death.
r. of nonidentity See gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions, under test.
nuclear r. the interaction of two atomic nuclei or of one such with a subatomic particle, or of the subatomic particles within an atomic nucleus, resulting in a change in the nature of the nuclei concerned or in the energy content of the nuclei or both, usually manifested by transmutation (accompanied by emission of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-rays) or by fission or fusion of the nuclei.
oxidase r. 1. the formation of indol blue when a blood smear containing myeloid leukocytes is treated with a mixture of a-naphthol and p-dimethylaniline sulfate; the myeloid leukocytes contain an oxidase that catalyzes this r., the lymphoid leukocytes do not; 2. in bacteriology, a r. that depends on the presence of certain oxidases in some bacteria that catalyze the transport of electrons between electron donors in the bacteria and an oxidation reduction dye, such as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine; the dye is reduced to a blue or black color.
oxidation-reduction r. See oxidation-reduction.
pain r. dilation of the pupil or any other involuntary act occurring in response to a stimulus causing sharp pain anywhere.
Pandy's r. a test to determine the presence of proteins (chiefly globulins) in the spinal fluid, by adding one drop of spinal fluid to 1 ml of solution (e.g., carbolic acid crystals in distilled water, cresol, or pyrogallic acid); the r. varies from a faint turbidity to a dense "milky" precipitate according to the degree of protein content.Pandy's test;
r. of partial identity See gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions, under test.
passive cutaneous anaphylactic r. See passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Paul's r. pus is rubbed into a scarification on a rabbit's eye; if the pus is from a variolous or vaccinal pustule a condition of epitheliosis develops in from 36 to 48 hours; the sputum of a smallpox patient is said to cause the same r.Paul's test;
performic acid r. oxidative destruction of the ethylene double bond (-HC=CH-) which is converted to a Schiff-reactive double aldehyde; used to indicate the presence of unsaturated lipids, such as phospholipids and cerebrosides, as well as cystine-rich substances, such as keratin, in tissue sections.
periosteal r. radiographically detectable new subperiosteal bone formed as a r. to soft tissue or osseous disease.
peroxidase r. formation of indophenol blue by the action of an oxidizing enzyme present in certain cells and tissues when they are treated with a solution of a-naphthol and dimethylparaphenylenediamine; by this method, cells of the myelocyte series, which give a positive r., may be distinguished from those of the lymphocyte series, which give a negative r.; endothelial leukocytes give a variable r., probably positive when they have phagocytized the debris of myeloid cells.Nadi r;
phosphoroclastic r. cleavage of C-C bonds that involves phosphate transfer but not, as in phosphorolysis, directly to one of the products; e.g., the decomposition of pyruvate to acetate + CO2, in which Pi is added to ADP to form ATP.
Pirquet's r. Pirquet's test
plasmal r. a histochemical technique that uses mercuric chloride to unmask the aldehyde group of acetalphosphatides and permit Schiff staining.
pleural r. thickening of the pleural stripe on chest radiographs, representing pleuritis, pleural effusion, or pleural fibrosis.
polymerase chain r. (PCR) (po-lim´er-as) an enzymatic method for the repeated copying and amplification of the two strands of DNA of a particular gene sequence. It is widely used in the detection of HIV.In vivo, DNA polymerase facilitates the replication of DNA. During replication, a helical DNA molecule "unzips" and the polymerase moves along one strand mediating the addition of free nucleotides to form complementary base pairs with the nucleotides on the strand. The laboratory technique known as polymerase chain reaction exploits the capacity of DNA polymerase to assemble new DNA. The polymerase is added to a mixture of free nucleotides and primers. Primers are specially prepared units containing both RNA and DNA with a free terminus where the polymerase will react. The short sequence of DNA to be amplified is flanked by two primers. Once the reaction begins, the polymerase churns out multiple copies of the target sequence, which can then be recovered for analysis. PCR is used as a forensic tool, one which is more accurate by one or two magnitudes than DNA fingerprinting.
Porter-Silber r. the basis of the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid test; C-21 adrenocorticosteroids, which contain a dihydroxyacetone group at carbons 19, 20, and 21, react with phenylhydrazine.
Prausnitz-Küstner r. a test for the presence of immediate hypersensitivity in humans; test serum from an atopic individual is injected intradermally into a normal subject; the normal subject is challenged 24-48 hours later with the antigen suspected of causing the immediate hypersensitivity r. in the atopic individual.P-K test;
precipitin r. See precipitin, precipitin test.
primary r. vaccinia
prozone r. See prozone.
psychogalvanic r. , psychogalvanic skin r. galvanic skin response
quellung r. 1. Neufeld capsular swelling 2. if pneumococcal organisms, India ink, and specific antisera are mixed, the antibodies present in the sera will bind to the polysaccharide antigens of the pneumococcal capsule and the capsule will appear more opaque and swollen. This test will identify the organism as being pneumococci as well as the specific capsular types.capsular precipitation r; [Ger. Quellung, swelling]
reversed Prausnitz-Küstner r. the appearance of an urticarial r. at the site of injection when serum containing reaginic antibody is injected into the skin of a person in whom the allergen is already present.
reversible r. a chemical r. that takes place in either direction i.e., from the forward or reverse direction; ionization is such a r., as are r.'s involving racemases, isomerases, mutases, transferases, etc.
Sakaguchi r. guanidines in alkaline solution develop an intense red color when treated with a-naphthol and sodium hypochlorite; a qualitative test for arginine, free or in a protein.
Schardinger r. the reduction of methylene blue to methylene white by formaldehyde is rapidly catalyzed by fresh milk but not by boiled milk, the catalyzing agent being xanthine oxidase (Schardinger's enzyme); an example of oxidation in the absence of O2 with an organic hydrogen acceptor (the dye).
Schultz r. See Schultz stain.
Schultz-Charlton r. the specific blanching of a scarlatinal rash at the site of intracutaneous injection of scarlatina antiserum.Schultz-Charlton phenomenon;
Schultz-Dale r. the contraction of an excised intestinal loop (Schultz) or of an excised strip of virginal uterus (Dale) from a sensitized animal (guinea pig) which occurs when the tissue is exposed to the specific antigen.
serum r. serum sickness
shortening r. the adaptive shortening of the extensor muscles of the limb of a decerebrate animal when the limb is extended after it has been flexed. Cf. lengthening r.
Shwartzman r. Shwartzman phenomenon
skin r. skin test
specific r. the phenomena produced by an agent that is identical with or immunologically related to the one that has already caused an alteration in capacity of the tissue to react.
startle r. startle reflex (1)
Straus r. a diagnostic test for glanders. Male guinea pigs are inoculated intraperitoneally with suspected material; if the glanders organism is present, it will usually set up a necrotizing inflammation in the scrotal sac within a few days and the specific organism can be confirmed bacteriologically.
stress r. an acute emotional r. related to extreme environmental stress.acute situational r;
supporting r.'s described by Magnus, who distinguished two types: positive supporting r.'s , consisting of those reflex muscular contractions whereby the body is supported against gravity; seen in an exaggerated form in the decerebrate animal; negative supporting r.'s , consisting of inhibition of the extensor muscles and unfixing of the joints which thus enable the limb to be flexed and moved into a new position.supporting reflexes;
symptomatic r. an allergic response similar to the original one, but occurring after the use of a test or therapeutic dose of an allergen or atopen.
thermoprecipitin r. the throwing down of a precipitate on the application of heat, as in the case of proteinaceous urine.
Treponema pallidum immobilization r. Treponema pallidum immobilization test
triketohydrindene r. ninhydrin r
type III hypersensitivity r. immune complex disease
unimolecular r. monomolecular r
vaccinoid r. accelerated r
Voges-Proskauer r. a chemical r. used in testing for the production of acetyl methyl carbinol by various bacteria; potassium hydroxide is added to a 24-hour culture in a suitable medium and thoroughly mixed; the treated culture is exposed to air and is observed at intervals of 2, 12, and 24 hours; a positive r. consists of the development of an eosin-like pink color, due to the production of acetylmethylcarbinol, which in the presence of alkali and oxygen is oxidized to diacetyl.
Wassermann r. (W.r.) Wassermann test
Weidel's r. a r. showing the presence of xanthine; a solution of the suspected substance in chlorine water with a little nitric acid is evaporated in a water bath, and then exposed to the vapor of ammonia; the presence of xanthine is indicated when a red or purple color develops.
Weil-Felix r. Weil-Felix test
Weinberg's r. a complement fixation test of the presence of hydatid disease.
Wernicke's r. in hemianopeia, a r. due to damage of the optic tract, consisting in loss of pupillary constriction when the light is directed to the blind side of the retina; pupillary constriction is maintained when light stimulates the normal side. This sign cannot be seen with a bright light because of intraocular scatter onto the seeing half of the retina.Wernicke's sign;
wheal-and-erythema r. the characteristic immediate r. observed in the skin test; within 10 to 15 minutes after injection of antigen (allergen), an irregular, blanched, elevated wheal appears, surrounded by an area of erythema (flare).wheal-and-flare r;
wheal-and-flare r. wheal-and-erythema r
white r. the response seen in many individuals after the skin is lightly stroked with a blunt instrument; it is attributed to capillary action.
whitegraft r. an immune r. to a tissue graft that results in failure of graft vascularization and ensuing rejection.
Widal's r. agglutination r. as applied to the diagnosis of typhoid.Gruber's r., Gruber-Widal r;
xanthoprotein r. a qualitative test for proteins; a yellow product is formed by reacting proteins with hot, concentrated nitric acid.
Yorke's autolytic r. a test for paroxysmal hemoglobinuria; serum is placed in an ice chest and kept at 0°C for 5 to 7 minutes, then in an incubator at 37°C with erythrocytes for 1 hour, at which time, if the r. is positive, hemolysis occurs; if the serum is kept at 1°C for an hour and then placed in the incubator with erythrocytes there is little hemolysis.
zero-order r. a r. that proceeds at a particular rate independently of the concentration of the reactant or reactants.
Zimmermann r. a chemical r. between an alkaline solution of meta-dinitrobenzene and an active methylene group (carbon-16) of 17-ketosteroids; it is the basis of the 17-ketosteroid assay t.; more generally, a r. between methylene ketones and aromatic polynitro compounds in alkaline solutions.Zimmermann test;
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1. To render active again. 2. In particular, of an inactivated immune serum to which normal serum (complement) is added.
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
1. Restoration of the lytic activity of an inactivated serum by means of the addition of complement. 2. Restoration of activity in an inactivated enzyme.
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
1. The property of reacting, chemically or in any other sense. 2. The process of reacting.
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
the grouping of nucleotides by threes into codons. See frame-shift mutation.
blocked r.f. a sequence of DNA that cannot be translated into a viable protein; usually due to the interruption by one or more termination codons.closed r.f;
closed r.f. blocked r.f
open r.f. a gene presumed to code for a protein but for which no gene product has been identified; also known as unidentified r.f.unidentified r.f;
unidentified r.f. (URF) open r.f
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
In molecular biology, transcription of a nucleic acid sequence beyond its normal termination sequence.
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
Any substance added to a solution of another substance to participate in a chemical reaction. [Mod. L. reagens]
amino acid r. a r. used in the identification and quantification of amino acids.
Benedict-Hopkins-Cole r. magnesium glyoxalate, made from a mixture of oxalic acid and magnesium, used for testing proteins for the presence of tryptophan.
biuret r. an alkaline solution of copper sulfate.
Cleland's r. dithiothreitol
diazo r. two solutions, one of sodium nitrite, the other of acidified sulfanilic acid, used in bringing about diazotization.Ehrlich's diazo r;
Dische r. See Dische reaction.
Dische-Schwarz r. r. used in the colorimetric detection of RNA.
Drabkin's r. a solution used in the cyanmethemoglobin method of measuring hemoglobin. It consists of sodium bicarbonate, potassium cyanide, and potassium ferricyanide.
Dragendorff r. a r. used in the detection of alkaloids.
Edlefsen's r. an alkaline permanganate solution used in the determination of sugar in the urine.
Edman's r. phenylisothiocyanate
Ehrlich's diazo r. diazo r
Erdmann's r. a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids, used in testing alkaloids.
Esbach's r. picric acid, citric acid, and water (in the proportions 1, 2, and 97) used for the detection of albumin in the urine.
Exton r. 50 g sulfosalicylic acid and 200g Na2SO4. 10H2O in a liter of water, used as a test for albumin.
Fehling's r. Fehling's solution
Folin's r. Folin's reaction
Fouchet's r. a 25% solution of trichloroacetic acid, containing 0.9% ferric chloride; a drop of the r. added at the surface line of barium chloride-impregnated filter paper which has been dipped in urine for 10 sec will give a green color if bilirubin is present. See also Fouchet's stain.
Froehde's r. sodium molybdate 1, in strong sulfuric acid 1000; gives various color reactions with alkaloids.
Frohn's r. bismuth subnitrate (1.5) and water (20.0) heated to boiling, to which hydrochloric acid (10.0) and potassium iodide (7.0) are added; used to test for alkaloids and for sugar.
Girard's r. the hydrazine of betaine chloride, used to extract ketonic steroids by forming water-soluble hydrazones with them.
Günzberg's r. phloroglucin and vanillin used as a r. in Günzberg's test.
Hahn's oxine r. an alcoholic solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline used in the determination of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, etc.
Hammarsten's r. a mixture of 1 part 25% solution of nitric acid and 19 parts 25% solution of hydrochloric acid; the addition of a few drops to a mixture of 1 part of this r. and 4 parts alcohol will give a green color if bile is present.
Ilosvay r. sulfanilic acid 0.5, dissolved in dilute acetic acid 150, mixed with naphthylamine 1, and dissolved in boiling water 20; the blue sediment which forms is dissolved in dilute acetic acid 150; a few drops of this r. added to water, saliva, or other fluid to be tested will produce a red color if nitrites are present.
Kasten's fluorescent Schiff r.'s fluorescent analogues of Schiff's r. which are fluorescent basic dyes lacking acidic side groups and containing one or more primary amine groups; used in cytochemical detection of DNA in Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen stain, polysaccharides in Kasten's fluorescent PAS stain, and proteins in the ninhydrin-Schiff stain; such analogues include acriflavine, auramine O, and flavophosphine N.
Lloyd's r. precipitated aluminum silicate, used in the determination of alkaloids.
Mandelin's r. a solution of ammonium vanadate in sulfuric acid, used in color tests for alkaloids.
Marme's r. a solution of potassium iodide and cadmium iodide used in testing for alkaloids.
Marquis' r. a solution of formaldehyde in sulfuric acid used in color tests for formaldehyde.
Mecke's r. a solution of selenous acid in sulfuric acid, used for color tests of alkaloids.
Meyer's r. a solution of phenolphthalein 0.032, in decinormal sodium hydroxide 21, with water (distilled from glass) sufficient to make 100; in the presence of minute traces of blood, the solution becomes purple or blue-red.
Millon's r. mercuric nitrate and nitric acid as used in the Millon reaction.
Nessler's r. a solution of potassium hydroxide, mercuric iodide, and potassium iodide; it yields a yellow color with ammonia (a brown precipitate with larger amounts) that can be used for quantitative assay.
Rosenthaler-Turk r. a solution of potassium arsenate in sulfuric acid used in obtaining color tests for various opium alkaloids.
Sanger's r. fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Schaer's r. an alcoholic or aqueous solution of chloral hydrate used as an extraction medium in investigations of alkaloids.
Scheibler's r. a solution of sodium tungstate in phosphoric acid used in tests for alkaloids.
Schiff's r. an aqueous solution of basic fuchsin or pararosaniline which is decolorized by sulfur dioxide, commonly prepared by addition of hydrochloric acid to a dye solution containing a metabisulphite or bisulphite salt; used for aldehydes and in histochemistry to detect polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins. See Feulgen stain, periodic acid-Schiff stain, ninhydrin-Schiff stain for proteins.
Scott-Wilson r. an alkaline solution of mercuric cyanide and silver nitrate used in the detection of acetone.
sulfhydryl r. r. that react with thiol groups, particularly those in proteins.
Sulkowitch's r. a r. for the detection of calcium in the urine, consisting of 2.5 g of oxalic acid, 2.5 g of ammonium oxalate, 5 cc of glacial acetic acid, and distilled water to make 150 cc; a milky precipitate of calcium oxalate is formed when the r. is added to urine that contains calcium.
Uffelmann's r. to a 2% solution of phenol in water is added to aqueous ferric chloride until the solution becomes violet in color; this turns lemon yellow in the presence of lactic acid, assumes an opaline tint in butyric acid, and is decolorized by hydrochloric acid.
Wurster's r. filter paper impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, which turns blue in the presence of ozone or hydrogen peroxide.
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1. Wolff-Eisner's term for antibody. 2. Old term for the "Wassermann" antibody; not to be confused with the Prausnitz-Küstner antibody. 3. Antibodies that mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IgE in humans).
atopic r. Prausnitz-Küstner antibody
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Pertaining to a reagin.
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That which exists objectively and in fact, and can be consensually validated. [L. res, thing, fact]
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The ability to distinguish external objects as being different from oneself.
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See under testing.
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A rotating finishing or drilling tool used to shape or enlarge a hole. [A.S. ryman, to widen]
engine r. an engine-mounted spirally-bladed instrument, used for enlarging the root canals of teeth.
intramedullary r. a rasp used for shaping the intramedullary portion of the metaphysis prior to the insertion of an appliance or a prosthesis.
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A restructuring; e.g., in a molecule.
Amadori rearrangement a rearrangement that occurs in cross-linking reactions seen in collagen and in protein glycosylations; e.g., conversion of N-glycosides of aldoses to N-glycosides of the corresponding ketoses.
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New epithelial or connective tissue attachment to the surface of a tooth that was surgically detached and not exposed to oral environment.
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René A.F. de, French physicist, 1683-1757. See R. scale.
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In dentistry, to refit a denture by replacing the denture base material without changing the occlusal relationship of the teeth. See also reline.
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Inhalation of part or all of gases previously exhaled.
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See under technique.
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An Escherichia coli protein that specifically recognizes single-stranded DNA and anneals it to a complementary sequence in a duplex which is homologous. This results in the displacement of the original complementary strand of the duplex.
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Restoration to the tissues of lost calcium salts.
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The process of remembering thoughts, words, and actions of a past event in an attempt to recapture actual happenings.
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Joseph C.A., French gynecologist, 1774-1852. See R.'s operation.
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1. Restoration of a lumen in a blood vessel following thrombotic occlusion, by organization of the thrombus with formation of new channels. 2. Spontaneous restoration of the continuity of the lumen of any occluded duct or tube, as with post-vasectomy r.
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See recapitulation theory.
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In chemistry, a vessel attached to a condenser to receive the product of distillation. [L. receptor, fr. recipio, to receive]
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A receptacle.reservoir; [L. fr. re-cipio, pp. -ceptus, to receive, fr. capio, to take]
r. chy´li cisterna chyli
r. gan´glii petro´si petrosal fossula
r. pecquet´i cisterna chyli
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Sensitive or responsive to stimulus.
r. field that part of the retina whose photoreceptors (rods and cones) pertain to a single optic nerve fiber. The response of a neuron to stimulation of its receptive field depends on the type of neuron and the part of the field that is illuminated; an "on-center" neuron is stimulated by light falling at the center of its r. field and inhibited by light falling at the periphery; an "off-center" neuron reacts in exactly the opposite fashion; that is, it is inhibited by light falling at the center of its receptive field. In either case, the net response depends on a complex switching action in the retina. When an entire receptive field is equally illuminated, the response of receptors at the center of the field predominates.
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Obsolete term for chemodectoma.
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1. A structural protein molecule on the cell surface or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter. 2. C. Sherrington's term for any one of the various sensory nerve endings in the skin, deep tissues, viscera, and special sense organs.ceptor; [L. receiver, fr. recipio, to receive]
adrenergic r.'s reactive components of effector tissues, most of which are innervated by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Such r.'s can be activated by norepinephrine and/or epinephrine and by various adrenergic drugs; r. activation results in a change in effector tissue function, such as contraction of arteriolar muscles or relaxation of bronchial muscles; adrenergic r.'s are divided into a-r.'s and beta-r.'s, on the basis of their response to various adrenergic activating and blocking agents.adrenoceptor, adrenoreceptors;
a-adrenergic r.'s adrenergic r.'s in effector tissues capable of selective activation and blockade by drugs; conceptually derived from the ability of certain agents, such as phenoxybenzamine, to block only some adrenergic r.'s and of other agents, such as methoxamine, to activate only the same adrenergic r.'s. Such r.'s are designated as a-receptors. Their activation results in physiological responses such as increased peripheral vascular resistance, mydriasis, and contraction of pilomotor muscles.
beta-adrenergic r.'s adrenergic r.'s in effector tissues capable of selective activation and blockade by drugs; conceptually derived from the ability of certain agents, such as propranolol, to block only some adrenergic r.'s and of other agents, such as isoproterenol, to activate only the same adrenergic r.'s. Such r.'s are designated as beta-receptors. Their activation results in physiological responses such as increases in cardiac rate and force of contraction (beta1), and relaxation of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle (beta2).
AMPA r. a type of glutamate r. that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid and acts as a cation channel.quisqualate r;
ANP r.'s cell surface r.'s for atrial natriuretic peptide that have a single transmembrane spanning element; these have integral kinase and guanylate cyclase domains.
ANP clearance r.'s cell surface proteins that bind atrial natriuretic peptide and ANP fragments without initiating biological action.
asialoglycoprotein r. a surface r. found in hepatocytes that binds galactose-terminal glycoproteins; thus, this r. removes those proteins from circulation and they are in turn acted upon by hepatocyte lysosomes.
B cell antigen r.'s in the primary immune response immunoglobulin D and monomeric immunoglobulin M are the B cell antigen r.'s. On memory B cells, other immunoglobulin molecules can serve as antigen r.'s.
cholinergic r.'s chemical sites in effector cells or at synapses through which acetylcholine exerts its action.
Fc r. r.'s present on a variety of cells for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulins. These r.'s recognize immunoglobulins of the IgG and IgE class.
kainate r. a type of glutamate r. that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds kainate and acts as a cation channel; injection of kainate causes death of neurons but preserves glial cells and axons.
laminin r. a r. found in many cell types that binds laminin and has a role in cell attachment and neurite outgrowth.
L-AP4 r. a type of glutamate receptor that also binds a particular synthetic agonist and acts as a cation channel.
low-density lipoprotein r.'s r.'s on the surface of cells, especially liver cells, which bind to low density lipoprotein and promote clearance of LDL from the plasma.
mannose-6-phosphate r.'s (MPR) r.'s in Golgi apparatus to which newly synthesized proteins that are destined to enter lysosomes bind.
metabotropic r. a type of r. that is linked to intracellular production of 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. [metabolism + G. trope, turning, inclination, + -ic]
muscarinic r.'s membrane-bound proteins whose extracellular domain contains a recognition site for acetylcholine (ACh); combination of Ach with the r. initiates a physiologic change (slowing of heart rate, increased glandular secretory activity and stimulation of smooth muscle contractions); changes are observed after treatment with the mushroom alkaloid, muscarine. Muscarinic r.'s are to be distinguished from nicotinic r.'s.
nicotinic r.'s a class of cholinergic r.'s on skeletal muscle cells that are linked to ion channels in the cell membrane.
nicotinic cholinergic r. a class of r.'s responsive to acetylcholine that also are activated by nicotine; ganglionic (including the adrenal medulla) and neuromuscular r.'s. Two classes exist: nicotinic- neuronal and nicotinic-muscular.
NMDA r. a type of glutamate r. that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds N-methyl-d-aspartate; may be particularly involved in the cell damage observed in individuals with Huntington's disease.
opiate r.'s regions of the brain which have the capacity to bind morphine; some, along the aqueduct of Sylvius and in the center median, are in areas related to pain, but others, as in the striatum, are not related.
quisqualate r. AMPA r
sensory r.'s peripheral endings of afferent neurons.
stretch r.'s r.'s that are sensitive to elongation, especially those in Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, but also those found in visceral organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and urinary bladder; these r.'s have the function of detecting elongation, and this distinguishes them from baroreceptors, which actually are activated by stretching of the wall of the blood vessel but whose function is to elicit central reflex mechanism reducing the arterial blood pressure.
T cell antigen r.'s r.'s present on T cells that interact with both processed antigen and major histocompatibility antigens simultaneously.
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Vesicles that avoid lysosomes and deliver their contents to other intracellular sites.
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A small hollow or indentation.recessus [NA]; [L. recessus]
anterior r. a circumscript deepening of the interpeduncular fossa in the direction of the mamillary bodies.recessus anterior;
anterior r. of tympanic membrane a slitlike space on the tympanic wall between the anterior malleolar fold and the tympanic membrane.recessus membranae tympani anterior [NA], Tröltsch's pockets, Tröltsch's r.'s;
azygoesophageal r. the region below the azygos vein arch in which the right lung intrudes into the mediastinum between the heart and vertebral column, bordered on the left by the esophagus.
cecal r. retrocecal r
cerebellopontine r. the angle formed at the junction of cerebellum, pons, and medulla.pontocerebellar r;
cochlear r. a small depression on the inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth at the portion of the pyramid of vestibule, between the two limbs into which the vestibular crest divides posteriorly; it is perforated by foramina giving passage to fibers which the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve sends to the posterior extremity of the cochlear duct.recessus cochlearis [NA], Reichert's cochlear r;
costodiaphragmatic r. the cleftlike extension of the pleural cavity between the diaphragm and the rib cage; pleural effusions collect here when in the upright position, and since the lung only partially enters, this is the site of thoracocentesis.recessus costodiaphragmaticus [NA], phrenicocostal sinus;
costomediastinal r. the recess of the pleural cavity between the costal cartilages and the mediastinum.recessus costomediastinalis [NA], costomediastinal sinus;
duodenojejunal r. superior duodenal r
elliptical r. an oval depression in the roof and inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth, lodging the utriculus.recessus ellipticus [NA], fovea elliptica, fovea hemielliptica;
epitympanic r. the upper portion of the tympanic cavity above the tympanic membrane; it contains the head of the malleus and the body of the incus.recessus epitympanicus [NA], attic, epitympanic space, epitympanum, Hyrtl's epitympanic r., tympanic attic;
hepatoenteric r. a peritoneal r. at the caudal end of the embryonic pneumatoenteric r.; it separates the developing liver and stomach.
hepatorenal r. the deep recess of the peritoneal cavity on the right side extending upward between the liver in front and the kidney and suprarenal behind; this is a gravity-dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity when in the supine position; fluids draining from the omental bursa drain here.recessus hepatorenalis [NA], hepatorenal pouch, Morison's pouch;
Hyrtl's epitympanic r. epitympanic r
inferior duodenal r. the variable peritoneal recess which lies behind the inferior duodenal fold and along the ascending part of the duodenum.recessus duodenalis inferior [NA], Gruber-Landzert fossa, inferior duodenal fossa;
inferior ileocecal r. a deep fossa sometimes found between the ileocecal fold, the mesoappendix, and the cecum.recessus ileocecalis inferior [NA];
inferior omental r. a recess of the omental bursa extending between anterior and posterior layers of the great omentum.recessus inferior omentalis [NA];
infundibular r. a funnel-shaped diverticulum leading from the anterior portion of the third ventricle down into the infundibulum of the hypophysis.recessus infundibuli [NA], aditus ad infundibulum;
intersigmoid r. a triangular peritoneal recess behind and below the sigmoid colon created by the attachment of the sigmoid mesocolon ascending across the left psoas then turning sharply to descend into the pelvis; the left ureter (pars tecta ureterica) passes posterior to this recess.recessus intersigmoideus [NA];
Jacquemet's r. a pouch of peritoneum between the gallbladder and the liver.
lateral r. of fourth ventricle the narrow r. of the ventricle that extends laterally over, and down along the side of, the inferior cerebellar peduncle and the overlying cochlear nuclei; at its tip it opens by way of Luschka's foramen into the interopeduncular cistern of the subarachnoid space. By way of this r., part of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle protrudes into the subarachnoid space.recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti [NA];
mesentericoparietal r. parajejunal fossa
optic r. a diverticulum extending forward from the anterior part of the third ventricle above the optic chiasm.recessus opticus [NA];
pancreaticoenteric r. a r. of the embryonic peritoneal cavity that develops into the adult omental bursa.
paracolic r.'s paracolic gutters, under gutter
paraduodenal r. an occasional recess in the peritoneum to the left of the terminal portion of the duodenum located behind a fold containing the inferior mesenteric vein.recessus paraduodenalis [NA], fossa venosa, paraduodenal fossa;
parotid r. parotid space
pharyngeal r. a slitlike depression in the membranous (non-muscular) pharyngeal wall extending posterior to the opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube.recessus pharyngeus [NA], recessus infundibuliformis, Rosenmüller's fossa, Rosenmüller's r;
phrenicomediastinal r. the recess of the pleural cavity between the diaphragm and the mediastinum.recessus phrenicomediastinalis [NA];
pineal r. a diverticulum from the posterior part of the third ventricle extending back between the posterior commissure and the habenular commissure.recessus pinealis [NA];
piriform r. piriform fossa
pleural r.'s three recesses of the pleural cavity, one behind the sternum and costal cartilages (costomediastinal r.), one between the diaphragm and chest wall (costodiaphragmatic r.), and one between the diaphragm and mediastinum (phrenicomediastinal r.).recessus pleurales [NA], pleural sinuses;
pneumatoenteric r. , pneumoenteric r. a r. of the embryonic celom between the right lung bud and the gut; it is normally largely obliterated before birth, leaving only the superior r. of the vestibule of the lesser peritoneal sac as a vestige.
pontocerebellar r. cerebellopontine r
posterior r. a deepening of the interpeduncular fossa toward the pons.recessus posterior;
posterior r. of tympanic membrane a narrow pocket in the tympanic wall between the posterior malleolar fold and the tympanic membrane.recessus membranae tympani posterior [NA], Tröltsch's pockets, Tröltsch's r.'s;
Reichert's cochlear r. cochlear r
retrocecal r. one of several small pockets sometimes found extending alongside the right margin of the ascending colon near the cecum.recessus retrocecalis [NA], cecal r;
retroduodenal r. a peritoneal recess occasionally found behind the third part of the duodenum, between it and the aorta.recessus retroduodenalis [NA], infraduodenal fossa, retroduodenal fossa;
Rosenmüller's r. pharyngeal r
sacciform r. 1. an extension of the cavity of the distal radioulnar articulation proximad between the two bones; 2. an extension of the capsule of the elbow joint at the neck of the radius.recessus sacciformis;
sphenoethmoidal r. a small cleftlike pocket of the nasal cavity above the superior concha into which the sphenoid sinuses drain.recessus sphenoethmoidalis [NA];
spherical r. a rounded depression on the inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth, lodging the sacculus.recessus sphericus [NA], fovea hemispherica, fovea spherica;
splenic r. the extension of the omental bursa toward the hilum of the spleen.recessus splenicus [NA], recessus lienalis;
subhepatic r. the part of the peritoneal cavity between the visceral surface of the liver and the transverse colon.recessus subhepaticus [NA];
subphrenic r.'s the recesses in the peritoneal cavity between the anterior part of the liver and the diaphragm, separated into right and left by the falciform ligament.recessus subphrenici [NA], suprahepatic spaces;
subpopliteal r. the extension of the cavity of the knee joint between the tendon of the popliteus and lateral condyle of the femur.recessus subpopliteus [NA], bursa of popliteus;
superior azygoesophageal r. the region above the azygos vein arch in which the right lung is in contact with the esophagus.
superior duodenal r. a peritoneal recess extending upward behind the superior duodenal fold.recessus duodenalis superior [NA], duodenojejunal fossa, duodenojejunal r., Jonnesco's fossa, superior duodenal fossa;
superior ileocecal r. a shallow pouch occasionally existing between the terminal ileum, the cecum, and the ileocolic artery when the latter is present.recessus ileocecalis superior [NA];
superior r. of lesser peritoneal sac See pneumatoenteric r.
superior omental r. a portion of the vestibule of the bursa omentalis that extends upward between the inferior vena cava and the esophagus.recessus superior omentalis [NA];
superior r. of tympanic membrane a space in the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the tympanic membrane between the flaccid part of the membrane and the neck of the malleus.recessus membranae tympani superior [NA], Prussak's pouch, Prussak's space;
suprapineal r. a variable diverticulum from the posterior portion of the third ventricle of the brain, running backward some distance above and beyond the pineal r.recessus suprapinealis [NA];
supratonsillar r. supratonsillar fossa
triangular r. an occasional evagination of the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain between the anterior commissure and the diverging pillars of the fornix.recessus triangularis;
Tröltsch's r.'s anterior r. of tympanic membrane, posterior r. of tympanic membrane
tubotympanic r. the dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity.
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A withdrawal or retreating. See also retraction. [L. recessio (see recessus)]
clitoral r. operative procedure to reduce the visual prominence of the clitoris that often occurs in females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; distinct from clitoral amputation (clitorectomy) or clitoral reduction. See also clitoroplasty.
gingival r. apical migration of the gingiva along the tooth surface, with exposure of the tooth surface.gingival atrophy, gingival resorption;
tendon r. surgical displacement of the tendon of an eye muscle posterior to its anatomic insertion.curb tenotomy;
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The state of being recessive (2).
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1. Drawing away; receding. 2. In genetics, denoting a trait due to a particular allele that does not manifest itself in the presence of other alleles that generate traits dominant to it.
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recess [L. a withdrawing, a receding]
r. ante´rior anterior recess
r. cochlea´ris [NA] cochlear recess
r. costodiaphragmat´icus [NA] costodiaphragmatic recess
r. costomediastina´lis [NA] costomediastinal recess
r. duodena´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior duodenal recess
r. duodena´lis supe´rior [NA] superior duodenal recess
r. ellip´ticus [NA] elliptical recess
r. epitympan´icus [NA] epitympanic recess
r. hepatorena´lis [NA] hepatorenal recess
r. ileoceca´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior ileocecal recess
r. ileoceca´lis supe´rior [NA] superior ileocecal recess
r. infe´rior omenta´lis [NA] inferior omental recess
r. infundib´uli [NA] infundibular recess
r. infundibulifor´mis pharyngeal recess
r. intersigmoi´deus [NA] intersigmoid recess
r. latera´lis ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] lateral recess of fourth ventricle
r. liena´lis splenic recess
r. membra´nae tym´pani ante´rior [NA] anterior recess of tympanic membrane
r. membra´nae tym´pani poste´rior [NA] posterior recess of tympanic membrane
r. membra´nae tym´pani supe´rior [NA] superior recess of tympanic membrane
r. op´ticus [NA] optic recess
r. paraduodena´lis [NA] paraduodenal recess
r. parotid´eus parotid space
r. pharyn´geus [NA] pharyngeal recess
r. phrenicomediastina´lis [NA] phrenicomediastinal recess
r. pinea´lis [NA] pineal recess
r. pirifor´mis [NA] piriform fossa
r. pleura´les [NA] pleural recesses, under recess
r. poste´rior posterior recess
r. retroceca´lis [NA] retrocecal recess
r. retroduodena´lis [NA] retroduodenal recess
r. saccifor´mis sacciform recess
r. sphenoethmoida´lis [NA] sphenoethmoidal recess
r. spher´icus [NA] spherical recess
r. splenicus [NA] splenic recess
r. subhepat´icus [NA] subhepatic recess
r. subphren´ici [NA] subphrenic recesses, under recess
r. subpoplit´eus [NA] subpopliteal recess
r. supe´rior omenta´lis [NA] superior omental recess
r. suprapinea´lis [NA] suprapineal recess
r. triangula´ris triangular recess
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Relapse of a disease, a symptom, or a behavioral pattern such as an illegal activity for which one was previously imprisoned. [L. recidivus, falling back, recurring, fr. re- cido, to fall back]
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The tendency of an individual toward recidivation. [L. recidivus, recurring]
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A person who tends toward recidivation.
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1. The superscription of a prescription, usually indicated by the sign ¿. 2. A prescription or formula. [L. imperative recipio, to receive]
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One who receives, as in blood transfusion or tissue or organ transplant. [L. recipiens, fr. recipio, to receive]
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Relating to the reception of motor stimuli. [L. recipio, to receive, + motor, mover]
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In prosthodontics, the means by which one part of an appliance is made to counter the effect created by another part. [L. reciprocare, pp. reciprocatus, to move back and forth]
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Friedrich D. von, German histologist and pathologist, 1833-1910. See central R.'s disease type II; R. disease of bone, disease type I, tumor; von R. disease.
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Turning the cataractous lens over into the vitreous to displace it from the line of vision; distinguished from couching, in which the lens is simply depressed into the vitreous. [L. reclino, pp. -atus, to bend back]
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In renal physiology, a technique in which a known fluid is infused into a renal tubule lumen at one point and collected for analysis by a second micropipette further downstream. [re- + L. collectus, pp. of colligo, to collect]
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1. A progeny that has received chromosomal parts from different parental strains as a result of uncorrected crossing over. 2. Pertaining to or denoting such organisms. 3. In linkage analysis, the change of coupling phase at two loci during meiosis. If two syntenic, non-allelic genes are inherited from the same parent, they must be in coupling. An offspring that inherits only one of them is r. and indicates an odd number of cross-overs between the loci; an offspring that inherits neither or both is non-recombinant and may indicate an even number of cross-overs or none.
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Altered DNA resulting from the insertion into the chain, by chemical, enzymatic, or biological means, of a sequence (a whole or partial chain of DNA) not originally (biologically) present in that chain.
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The process of reuniting of parts that had become separated. 2. The reversal of coupling phase in meiosis as gauged by the resulting phenotype. See also recombinant.
genetic r. 1. the presence in progeny of combinations of genotypes and perhaps phenotypes, not present in either parent, resulting from crossing-over; 2. in microbial genetics, the inclusion of a chromosomal part or extrachromosomal element of one microbial strain in the chromosome of another; the interchange of chromosomal parts between different microbial strains.
site specific r. integration of foreign DNA into a particular site in the host genome.
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Obsolete term for the smallest unit (corresponding to a single DNA nucleotide) of recombination or crossing-over between two homologous chromosomes.
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1. The restitution or return to an original state of a substance, or combination of parts to make a whole. 2. In the case of a lower organism, the restoration of a part of the body by regeneration.
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The computerized synthesis of one or more two-dimensional images from a series of x-ray projections in computed tomography, or from a large number of measurements in magnetic resonance imaging; several methods are used; the earliest was back-projection, most common is 2D Fourier transformation.
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1. In medicine, a chronologic written account that includes a patient's initial complaint(s) and medical history, the physician's physical findings, the results of diagnostic tests and procedures, and any therapeutic medications and/or procedures. 2. In dentistry, a registration of desired jaw relations in a plastic material or on a device to permit these relationships to be transferred to an articulator. [M.E. recorden, fr. O.Fr. recorder, fr. L. re-cordor, to remember, fr. re-, back, again, + cor, heart]
anesthesia r. a written account of drugs administered, procedures undertaken, and physiologic responses during the course of surgical or obstetrical anesthesia.
face-bow r. a registration utilizing a face-bow of the position of the hinge axis and/or the condyles; the face-bow r. is used to orient the maxillary cast to the opening and closing axis of the articulator.
functional chew-in r. a r. of the natural chewing movements of the mandible made on an occlusion rim by teeth or scribing studs.
hospital r. the medical r. generated during a period of hospitalization, usually including written accounts of consultants' opinions, physician observations, as well as nurses' observations and treatments.
interocclusal r. a r. of the positional relationship of the teeth or jaws to each other, recorded by placing a plastic material which hardens (such as plaster of Paris, wax, etc.) between the occlusal surfaces of the rims or teeth; the hardened material serves as the r.; it may be registered in centric or eccentric positions, as centric interocclusal r. , a r. of centric jaw relation; eccentric interocclusal r. , a r. of jaw position in other than centric relation; lateral interocclusal r. , a r. of a lateral eccentric jaw position; and protrusive interocclusal r. , a r. of a protruded eccentric jaw position.checkbite;
maxillomandibular r. 1. a r. of the relation of the mandible to the maxillae; 2. the act of recording the relation of the mandible to the maxillae.biscuit bite, maxillomandibular registration;
medical r. See record (1).
occluding centric relation r. a registration of centric relation made at the established occlusal vertical dimension.
preextraction r. preoperative r
preoperative r. in dentistry, any r. made for the purpose of study or treatment planning. See also diagnostic cast.preextraction r;
problem-oriented r. (POR) a system of record keeping in which a list of the patient's problems is made and all history, physical findings, laboratory data, etc. pertinent to each problem are placed under that heading; especially useful for out-patient records of patients with multiple problems who are followed for long periods.
profile r. a registration or r. of the profile of a patient.
protrusive r. a registration of a forward position of the mandible with reference to the maxillae.
terminal jaw relation r. a r. of the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae made at the vertical relation of occlusion and at the centric position.
three-dimensional r. a maxillomandibular r. made at the occluding relation.
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Preserving the results of a study.
clinical r. charting
depth r. study of subcortical cerebral electrical activity after placing electrodes in these areas.
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1. A getting back or regaining; recuperation. 2. Emergence from general anesthesia. 3. In nuclear magnetic resonance, refers to relaxation. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. recoverer, fr. L. recupero, to recover, get back, fr. re-, again, + capio, to take]
creep r. the time-dependent portion of the decrease in strain in a material or object following removal of the stress that has deformed it.
inversion r. a magnetic resonance pulse sequence in which a series of 180° magnetic field inversions is followed by a spin echo sequence for signal detection; of note, during r., the longitudinal magnetization vector passes through zero.
short TI inversion r. (STIR) an inversion r. sequence that uses a short inversion time, about 100 ms., between 180° pulses; by proper selection of TI, the signal from water or fat can be suppressed.
spontaneous r. the return of the conditioned response, after apparent extinction, in the presence of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus also being present. See classical conditioning.
ultrasonic egg r. obtaining an egg for in vitro fertilization by means of an ultrasonically guided needle aspiration of ovarian follicles; may be performed transvesically or via the cul-de-sac.
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A hospital facility with special equipment and personnel for the immediate postoperative care of patients as they recover from anesthesia and surgery.
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Resumption of a morbid process or its symptoms after a period of remission. [L. re-crudesco, to become raw again, break out afresh, fr. crudus, raw, harsh]
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Becoming active again, relating to a recrudescence.
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1. A term used in the testing of hearing: the unequal reaction of the ear to equal steps of increasing intensity, measured in decibels, when such inequality of response results in a greater than normal increment of loudness. 2. The bringing into activity of additional motor neurons and thus causing greater activity in response to increased duration of the stimulus applied to a given receptor or afferent nerve.recruiting response; See also irradiation. 3. The adding of parallel channels of flow in any system. [Fr. recrutement, fr. L. re-cresco, pp. -cretus, to grow again]
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See recto-.
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Relating to the rectum.
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proctalgia
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proctectomy
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An electronic device for converting alternating to direct voltage, part of the circuit of an x-ray machine. [Mediev.L. rectifico, to make right, fr. rectus, right + facio to make]
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1. To correct. 2. To purify or refine by distillation; usually implies repeated distillations. [L. rectus, right, straight]
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proctitis
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The rectum. See also procto-. [L. rectum, fr. rectus, straight]
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Relating to the rectum and the abdomen; denoting a bimanual method of examination with one hand on the abdominal wall and a finger of the other hand in the rectum.
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proctocele [recto- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]
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proctoclysis
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Relating to the rectum and the coccyx.
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proctococcypexy
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coloproctitis
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Relating to the rectum and perineum.
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proctoperineoplasty [recto- + perineo- + G. rhaphe, a sewing]
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proctopexy
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proctophobia [recto- + G. phobos, fear]
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proctoplasty
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proctorrhaphy
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proctoscope
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proctoscopy
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The rectum and sigmoid colon considered as a unit; the term is also applied to the junction of the sigmoid colon and rectum.
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proctostenosis
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proctostomy
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proctotome
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proctotomy
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Relating to the rectum and the urethra.
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Relating to the rectum and the uterus.
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Relating to the rectum and the vagina.
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Relating to the rectum and the bladder.
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Relating to the rectum and the vestibule of the vagina.
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The terminal portion of the digestive tube, extending from the rectosigmoid junction to the anal canal. (Perineal flexure). [L. rectus, straight, pp. of rego, to make straight]
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Leaning; reclining; lying down. [L. recumbo, to lie back, recline, fr. re-, back, + cubo, to lie]
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To undergo recuperation. [L. recupero (or recip-), pp. -atus, to take again, recover]
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Recovery of or restoration to the normal state of health and function. [L. recuperatio (see recuperate)]
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1. A return of the symptoms, occurring as a phenomenon in the natural history of the disease, as seen in recurrent fever. 2. relapse 3. Appearance of a genetic trait in a genetic relative of a proband. [L. re-curro, to run back, recur]
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1. In anatomy, turning back on itself. 2. Denoting symptoms or lesions reappearing after an intermission or remission.
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A backward bending or flexure. [L. re-curvus, bent back]
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One of the primary colors, occupying the lower extremity of the spectrum at the other end from violet. For individual red dyes, see specific name. [A.S. reád]
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A red Geneva cross on a white background, an international sign to identify medical and other personnel caring for the sick and wounded and facilities devoted to their care in times of war, also the emblem of the American Red Cross.
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Intramolluscan development stage of a digenetic trematode, following the primary sporocyst stage, which forms after penetration of the snail tissues by the miracidium. Rediae are produced from cells within the sporocyst, are liberated from the latter, and develop in the tissues of the host snail as elongated, saclike, muscular organisms with a mouth and gut. The rediae may produce one or a number of additional generations in the snail, but they ultimately produce the final development stage, the cercaria. See also sporocyst (1), miracidium. [F. Redi, Italian physician, 1626-1697]
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The return to a fully specialized condition for the performance of a particular function after a period of nonspecific activity.
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1. The restoration of lost or injured parts. 2. Restoration to health. 3. The recalling of a whole experience on the basis only of some item or portion of the original stimulus or circumstances of the experience. [L. red-integro, pp. -atus, to make whole again, renew, fr. integer, untouched, entire]
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Emil, Austrian neurologist, 1866-1930. See Obersteiner-R. line, zone.
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Contraction of oxidation-reduction. See oxidation-reduction potential.
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Straightening by force of a deformed part, as of knock-knee. [Fr.]
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1. Correction of a deformity; putting a part straight. 2. A renewed dressing of a wound.
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1. To perform reduction (1). 2. In chemistry, to initiate reduction (2). [L. re-duco, to lead back, restore, reduce]
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Capable of being reduced.
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The substance that is oxidized in the course of reduction.
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An enzyme that catalyzes a reduction; since all enzymes catalyze reactions in either direction, any r. can, under the proper conditions, behave as an oxidase and vice versa, hence the term oxidoreductase. For individual r.'s, see the specific names.reducing enzyme;
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2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one;a strong reducing product (antioxidant) formed in hot alkaline sugar solutions.
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1. The restoration, by surgical or manipulative procedures, of a part to its normal anatomical relation.repositioning; 2. In chemistry, a reaction involving a gain of one or more electrons by a substance, such as when iron passes from the ferric (3+) to the ferrous (2+) state, or when hydrogen is added to the double bond of an organic compound, or when an aldehyde is converted to an alcohol. [L. reductio, fr. re-duco, pp. ductus, to lead back]
r. of chromosomes the process during meiosis whereby one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes is distributed to a sperm or ovum; the diploid set of chromosomes (46 in humans) is thus reduced to the haploid set in each gamete; union of the sperm and ovum then restores the diploid or somatic number in the one-cell zygote.
closed r. of fractures r. by manipulation of bone, without incision in the skin.
r. en masse r. of hernial sac and contents, so that intestinal obstruction is still present.
open r. of fractures r. by manipulation of bone, after incision in skin and muscle over the site of the fracture.
selective r. a technique for intrauterine termination of one or more fetuses while leaving one or more fetuses undisturbed, usually in pregnancies with fetal anomalies or with multiple gestations.
tuberosity r. the surgical excision of excessive fibrous or bony tissue in the area of the maxillary tuberosity prior to the construction of prosthetic appliances.
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Occurrence of linearly arranged, largely identical, repeated sequences of DNA.
terminal r. the condition in a viral chromosome in which identical genetic information occurs at each end of the chromosome.
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1. A redoubling. 2. A duplication or doubling, as of the sounds of the heart in certain morbid states or the presence of two instead of a normally single part. 3. A fold or duplicature. [L. reduplicatio, fr. re-, again, + duplico, to double, fr. duplex, two-fold]
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A member of the family Reduviidae.
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A family (order Hemiptera) of predatory insects, the assassin bugs, which attack animals and humans. It includes the subfamily Triatominae, the kissing or cone-nosed bugs, whose type genus Triatoma includes species that are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Walter, 1851-1902. U.S. Army surgeon, elucidated epidemiology of yellow fever.
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Dorothy M., U.S. pathologist, 1874-1964. See R. cells, under cell; R.-Sternberg cells, under cell; Sternberg-R. cells, under cell.
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Surgically reducing the extent of a tissue by folding it and securing with sutures, as in plication.
stomach r. gastroplication
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In psychodrama, the acting out of a past experience.
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John, Swedish dermatologist, *1882. See Ito-R. test.
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Return of the same impulse into a zone of heart muscle that it has recently activated; sufficiently delayed that the zone is no longer refractory, as seen in most ectopic beats, reciprocal rhythms, and most tachycardias.
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H. Maynard, 20th century U.S. physician. See R.-Ecker fluid.
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Algernon B., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1896-1981. See Cogan-R. syndrome.
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To induce refection.
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A restoring to the normal state. [L. refectio, fr. reficere, to restore, fr. re- + facio, to do]
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S. See R. syndrome.
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To free from impurities.
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1. To bend back. 2. To throw back, as of radiant energy from a surface. 3. To meditate; to think over a matter. 4. To send back a motor impulse in response to a sensory stimulus. [L. re- flecto, pp. -flexus, to bend back]
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1. The act of reflecting. 2. That which is reflected. 3. In psychotherapy, a technique in which a patient's statements are repeated, restated, or rephrased in order that the patient will continue to explore and expound on emotionally significant content. [L. reflexio, a bending back]
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Any surface that reflects light, heat, or sound.
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1. An involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the nervous centers in the brain or spinal cord. Most of the deep r.'s listed as subentries are stretch or myotatic r.'s, elicited by striking a tendon or bone, causing stretching, even slight, of the muscle which then contracts as a result of the stimulus applied to its proprioceptors. See also phenomenon. 2. A reflection. 3. consensual [L. reflexus, pp. of re-flecto, to bend back]
abdominal r.'s contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall upon stimulation of the skin (superficial a. r.'s) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep a. r.'s).supraumbilical r. (2);
abdominocardiac r. mechanical stimulation (usually distention) of abdominal viscera causing changes (usually a slowing) in the heart rate or the occurrence of extrasystoles.
Abrams' heart r. a contraction of the myocardium when the skin of the precordial region is irritated.
accommodation r. increased convexity of the lens, due to contraction of the ciliary muscle and relaxation of the suspensory ligament, to maintain a distinct retinal image.
Achilles r. , Achilles tendon r. a contraction of the calf muscles when the tendo calcaneus is sharply struck.ankle jerk, ankle r., tendo Achillis r., triceps surae r;
acousticopalpebral r. cochleopalpebral r
acquired r. conditioned r
acromial r. contraction of the biceps muscle caused by a tap on the acromion or the coracoid process.
adductor r. contraction of the adductors of the thigh caused by tapping the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle while the thigh is abducted.
allied r.'s r.'s which, acting toward a common purpose, can traverse the final common path together.
anal r. contraction of the internal sphincter gripping the finger passed into the rectum.
ankle r. Achilles r
antagonistic r.'s r.'s which do not act toward a common purpose, and cannot together traverse the final common path.
aortic r. cardiac depressor r
aponeurotic r. plantar flexion of the foot and toes elicited by tapping the sole near its outer edge; has the same significance as the Rossolimo toe flexion r. Also called Guillain-Barré, Weingrow's, or sole tap r.Guillain-Barré r., sole tap r., Weingrow's r;
Aschner-Dagnini r. oculocardiac r
Aschner's r. oculocardiac r
attitudinal r.'s statotonic r.'s
auditory r. any r. occurring in response to a sound, e.g., cochleopalpebral r.
auditory oculogyric r. rotation of the eyes toward the source of a sudden sound.
auricular r. a movement of the ears in animals in response to a sound; part of the investigatory r.
auriculopalpebral r. Kisch's r
auriculopressor r. peripheral vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure in response to a fall in pressure in the great veins.Pavlov's r;
auropalpebral r. cochleopalpebral r
axon r. an effect brought about by the passage of the nerve impulses from a sensory ending to the effector organ along divisions of the nerve fiber without traversing a synapse, e.g., as in the vasodilation resulting from stimulation of the skin or the irritation of the conjunctiva; the reaction occurs even when the nerve fiber has been sectioned and thus isolated from the nervous centers.
Babinski r. Babinski's sign (1)
back of foot r. , dorsum of foot r. Mendel's instep r
Bainbridge r. an increase in heart rate caused by a rise in pressure of the blood in the right atrium due to increased flow and/or pressure in the great veins at its entrance.
Barkman's r. contraction of the ipsilateral rectus muscle in response to a stimulus applied to the skin below a nipple.
basal joint r. opposition and adduction of the thumb with flexion at its metacarpophalangeal joint and extension at its interphalangeal joint, when firm passive flexion of the third, fourth, or fifth finger is made; the r. is present normally but is absent in pyramidal lesions.finger-thumb r., Mayer's r;
Bechterew-Mendel r. percussion of the dorsum of the foot causes flexion of the toes; present in a pyramidal lesion.dorsum pedis r., Mendel-Bechterew r;
behavior r. conditioned r
Benedek's r. plantar flexion of the foot by tapping the anterior margin of the lower part of the fibula, while the foot is slightly dorsiflexed.
Bezold-Jarisch r. a r. with afferent and efferent pathways in the vagus, originating in unidentified chemoreceptors in the heart and resulting in sinus bradycardia, hypotension, and probable peripheral vasodilation.
biceps r. contraction of the biceps muscle when its tendon is struck.
biceps femoris r. contraction of the biceps femoris upon tapping its lower part, just above its attachment to the head of the fibula, while the limb is partly flexed at hip and knee.
Bing's r. when the foot is passively dorsiflexed, plantar flexion occurs if any point on the ankle between the two malleoli is tapped.
bladder r. micturition r
body righting r.'s r. effects upon the neck muscles which bring the head into the correct position in space caused by stimulation of pressoreceptors in the body wall by contact with the ground.
bone r. a r. excited by a stimulus applied to a bone.
brachioradial r. with the arm supinated to 45°, a tap near the lower end of the radius causes contraction of the brachioradial (supinator longus) muscle.radioperiosteal r., styloradial r., supination r., supinator jerk, supinator r., supinator longus r;
Brain's r. quadripedal extensor r
bregmocardiac r. in infants, pressure upon the anterior fontanelle causing cardiac slowing.
Brissaud's r. tickling the sole causes a contraction of the tensor fasciae latae muscle, even when there is no responsive movement of the toes.
bulbocavernosus r. a sharp contraction of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles when the glans penis is suddenly compressed or tapped.
bulbomimic r. in a case of coma from severe apoplexy, pressure on the eyeballs causes contraction of the facial muscles of expression on the side opposite to the lesion; if coma due to diabetes, uremia, or other toxic cause the r. is present on both sides.facial r., Mondonesi's r;
Capps' r. obsolete eponym for vasomotor collapse at the time of crisis in pneumonia.
cardiac depressor r. a fall in blood pressure due to peripheral vasodilation and cardiac inhibition by stimulations of terminations of a cardiac depressor nerve in the aortic arch and base of the heart.aortic r., depressor r;
carotid sinus r. a normal r. relating to the carotid sinus syndrome, which results from hypersensitivity or hyperactivation of the carotid sinus.
celiac plexus r. arterial hypotension coincident with surgical manipulations in the upper abdomen during general anesthesia.
cephalic r.'s r.'s associated with the cranial nerves.
cephalopalpebral r. contraction of the orbicularis muscle elicited by tapping the vertex of the skull.
Chaddock r. Chaddock sign
chain r. a series of r.s, each serving as a stimulus for the next.
chin r. jaw r
Chodzko's r. contractions of several muscles of the shoulder girdle and arm when the manubrium sterni is percussed.
ciliospinal r. pupillary-skin r
clasping r. the strong flexion of the forelimbs of amphibia and certain other animals during the mating season when the chest or abdomen is stimulated; it is dependent upon the male sex hormone.
cochleo-orbicular r. cochleopalpebral r
cochleopalpebral r. a form of the wink r. in which there is a contraction, sometimes very slight, of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle when a sudden noise is made close to the ear; it is absent in labyrinthine disease with total deafness.acousticopalpebral r., auropalpebral r., cochleo-orbicular r., startle r. (2);
cochleopupillary r. constriction of the pupil in response to a sudden loud sound. The normal response to such a stimulus is pupil dilation.
cochleostapedial r. contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to a loud sound; this is a protective r. which with the r. contraction of the tensor tympani reduces the amplitude of the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and ossicles.
conditioned r. (CR) a r. that is gradually developed by training and association through the frequent repetition of a definite stimulus. See conditioning.acquired r., behavior r., trained r;
conjunctival r. closure of the eyes in response to irritation of the conjunctiva.
consensual light r. consensual reaction
contralateral r. Brudzinski's sign (1)
convulsive r. an incoordinated r. in which muscles, even those opposing one another as in strychnine poisoning, contract.
coordinated r. a r. in which several muscles take part in the performance of a purposeful act.
corneal r. 1. a contraction of the eyelids when the cornea is lightly touched with a camel-hair pencil;lid r; 2. reflection of light from the surface of the cornea.
costal arch r. contraction of the rectus abdominis muscle by tapping the costal margin inside the mammary line.
costopectoral r. pectoral r
cough r. the r. which mediates coughing in response to irritation of the larynx or tracheobronchial tree.laryngeal r;
craniocardiac r. stimulation of nerve endings of certain cranial nerves (e.g., olfactory, ophthalmic branch of trigeminal), with resultant cardiac depressor r., manifested by bradycardia and hypotension, through the cardiac branch of the vagus.
cremasteric r. a drawing up of the scrotum and testicle of the same side when the skin over Scarpa's triangle or on the inner side of the thigh is scratched.
crossed r. a r. movement on one side of the body in response to a stimulus applied to the opposite side.crossed jerk;
crossed adductor r. contraction of the adductors of the thigh and inward rotation of the limb elicited by tapping the sole.crossed adductor jerk;
crossed extension r. extension of the contralateral hind limb when the paw of an animal is painfully stimulated or the central cut end of an afferent nerve, e.g., the peroneal, is stimulated; sometimes occurs in humans upon tapping the skin.
crossed knee r. contraction of the contralateral quadriceps when a patellar r. is elicited.crossed knee jerk;
crossed r. of pelvis contraction of the contralateral adductors of the thigh upon tapping the anterior superior iliac spine.crossed spino-adductor r;
crossed spino-adductor r. crossed r. of pelvis
cry r. a sudden unconscious cry, during sleep, in a child with hip disease, long bone fractures, or other painful conditions of the extremities, elicited by movement of muscles that have relaxed after prolonged muscle spasms.
cuboidodigital r. flexion of the toes on tapping over the cuboid bone; almost identical with Guillain-Barré r., and fundamentally similar to Rossolimo's r.metatarsal r;
cutaneous r. wrinkling of the skin, caused by a cutaneous stimulus, due to contraction of arrectores pilorum muscles.
cutaneous pupil r. , cutaneous-pupillary r. pupillary-skin r
darwinian r. the tendency of young infants to grasp a bar and hang suspended. Cf. grasping r.
deep r. an involuntary muscular contraction following percussion of a tendon or bone.jerk (2);
deep abdominal r.'s contraction of abdominal muscles elicited by stimulation, such as tapping a deep structure; e.g., the costal margin. See also Galant's r., upper abdominal periosteal r.
defense r. 1. flexor r 2. automatic reactions of an animal, e.g., raising of hair or feathers, dilation of the pupils, or baring of claws, when alarmed.
deglutition r. swallowing r
Dejerine's r. Dejerine's hand phenomenon
delayed r. a r. in which a little time elapses between stimulus and response. See also trace conditioned r.
depressor r. cardiac depressor r
diffused r. one of several r.'s occurring in association with the main r.
digital r. Hoffmann's sign (2)
diving r. a r. by which immersing the face or body in water, especially cold water, tends to cause bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction; mean aortic pressure is little affected because the reduction in cardiac output tends to balance the increased peripheral resistance that reduces peripheral blood flow. Although relatively minor in most humans, the changes can be profound in some diving species of animal, e.g., ducks and seals.
dorsal r. contraction of the muscles of the back elicited by cutaneous stimulation over the erector spinal muscle.
dorsum pedis r. Bechterew-Mendel r
elbow r. triceps r
enterogastric r. peristaltic contraction of the small intestine induced by the entrance of food into the stomach. See also gastrocolic r.
epigastric r. a contraction of the upper portion of the rectus abdominis muscle when the skin of the epigastrium above is scratched.supraumbilical r. (1);
erector-spinal r. a contraction of part of the erector spinae muscle following scratching of the skin on its outer border.
esophagosalivary r. salivation caused by irritation of the lower end of the esophagus, as by carcinoma.Roger's r;
external oblique r. contraction of the external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles upon tapping the anterior and outer part of the lower thoracic wall.
eye r. light r. (2)
eyeball compression r. eyeball-heart r
eyeball-heart r. slowing of the heart rate due to the vagal effects of compressing an eyeball.eyeball compression r;
eye-closure r. wink r
facial r. bulbomimic r
faucial r. gag r
femoral r. scratching the skin of the upper part of the front of the thigh causes extension of the knee and flexion of the foot.
femoroabdominal r. contraction of the abdominal muscles upon stroking the inner aspect of the thigh; in association with the cremasteric r.hypogastric r;
finger-thumb r. basal joint r
flexor r. flexion of ankle, knee, and hip when the foot is painfully stimulated; the crossed extension r. occurs in association with it.defense r. (1), nociceptive r., withdrawal r;
forced grasping r. grasping r
front-tap r. contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle when the shin is struck.periosteal r. (1);
fundus r. light r. (2)
gag r. contact of a foreign body with the mucous membrane of the fauces causes retching or gagging.faucial r;
Galant's r. a deep abdominal r. in which there is a contraction of the abdominal muscles on tapping the anterior superior iliac spine.lower abdominal periosteal r;
galvanic skin r. galvanic skin response
gastrocolic r. a mass movement of the contents of the colon, frequently preceded by a similar movement in the small intestine, that sometimes occurs immediately following the entrance of food into the stomach.
gastroileac r. opening of the ileocolic valve induced by entrance of food into the stomach.
Geigel's r. in the female, a contraction of the muscular fibers at the upper edge of Poupart's ligament on gently stroking the inner side of the thigh; analogue of the cremasteric r. in males.
Gifford's r. eye-closure pupil reaction
gluteal r. contraction of the gluteal muscles following irritation of the skin of the buttocks.
Gordon r. dorsal flexion of the great toe produced by firm lateral pressure on the calf muscles.paradoxical flexor r;
grasp r. grasping r
grasping r. an involuntary flexion of the fingers to tactile or tendon stimulation on the palm of the hand, producing an uncontrollable grasp; usually associated with frontal lobe lesions. Cf. darwinian r. forced grasping r., grasp r;
great-toe r. Babinski's sign (1)
Guillain-Barré r. aponeurotic r
gustatory-sudorific r. sweating, especially over the face, when chewing food. See also auriculotemporal nerve syndrome.
H r. a monosynaptic r. consistently obtained in normal adults only by stimulating the tibial nerve, generally in the popliteal fossa, while recording from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle group; similar to the Achilles r., except the neuromuscular spindles are bypassed; widely used in the EMG laboratory to diagnose S1 radiculopathies and polyneuropathies.
hepatojugular r. See hepatojugular reflux.
Hering-Breuer r. the effects of afferent impulses from the pulmonary vagi in the control of respiration, e.g., inflation of the lungs arrests inspiration with expiration then ensuing, while deflation of the lungs brings on inspiration.
Hoffmann's r. Hoffmann's sign (2)
hypochondrial r. a quick inspiration induced by sharp pressure beneath the costal margin.
hypogastric r. femoroabdominal r
inborn r. a r. such as breathing that is innate.
innate r. an unlearned or instinctive r. such as sucking, which is present at birth.
interscapular r. scapular r
intrinsic r. a r. muscular contraction elicited by the application of a stimulus, usually stretching, to the muscle itself as opposed to a muscular contraction caused by an extrinsic stimulus, e.g., skin, as in the abdominal skin r.'s.
inverted r. paradoxical r
inverted radial r. flexion of the fingers without flexion of the forearm, on tapping the lower end of the radius; regarded as indicating a lesion of the fifth cervical segment of the spinal cord.
investigatory r. orienting r
ipsilateral r. a r. in which the response occurs on the side of the body that is stimulated.
Jacobson's r. flexion of the fingers elicited by tapping the flexor tendons over the wrist joint or the lower end of the radius.
jaw r. a spasmodic contraction of the temporal muscles following a downward tap on the loosely hanging mandible.chin jerk, chin r., jaw jerk, mandibular r., masseter r;
jaw-working r. jaw-winking syndrome
Joffroy's r. twitching of the glutei muscles when firm pressure is made on the nates, in cases of spastic paralysis.hip phenomenon;
Kisch's r. closure of the eye in response to stimulation of the skin at the depth of the external auditory meatus.auriculopalpebral r;
knee r. patellar r
knee-jerk r. patellar r
labyrinthine r.'s r.'s initiated through stimulation of receptors in the utricle or semicircular canals. See also statotonic r.'s, statokinetic r., righting r.'s.
labyrinthine righting r.'s stimulation of the proprioceptors of the labyrinth causes changes in tone of the neck muscles which bring the head into its natural position in space.
lacrimal r. discharge of tears when the conjunctiva is irritated.
lacrimo-gustatory r. chewing of food causing secretion of tears. See also crocodile tears syndrome.
laryngeal r. cough r
laryngospastic r. laryngospasm
latent r. a r. which must be considered normal but which usually appears only under some pathologic circumstance that lowers its threshold.
laughter r. uncontrollable laughter excited by tickling.
let-down r. milk-ejection r
lid r. corneal r. (1)
Liddell-Sherrington r. myotatic r
light r. 1. pupillary r 2. a red glow reflected from the fundus of the eye when a light is cast upon the retina, as in retinoscopy;eye r., fundus r; 3. pyramid of light
lip r. a pouting movement of the lips provoked in young infants by tapping near the angle of the mouth.
lordosis r. adoption of a copulatory posture when touched on the back; exhibited by female animals of certain species but only during the time of estrus.
Lovén r. a reaction in which a local dilation of vessels accompanies a general vasoconstriction; e.g., when the central end of an afferent nerve to an organ is suitably stimulated, its efferent vasomotor fibers remaining intact, a general rise in blood pressure occurs together with a dilation of the vessels of the organ.
lower abdominal periosteal r. Galant's r
magnet r. See magnet reaction.
mandibular r. jaw r
mass r. in cases of gross injury to the spinal cord, as the stage of r. activity follows the primary flaccidity of the shock, a condition arises in which a strong stimulus to any part of one of the paralyzed limbs will be followed by contraction of the hip, knee, and ankle of the same side and often, when the stimulus is applied to the middle line of the body, of both sides, as well as of the abdominal wall, and even evacuation of the bladder and sweating over an area corresponding to the level of the lesion.
masseter r. jaw r
Mayer's r. basal joint r
McCarthy's r.'s 1. spino-adductor r 2. supraorbital r
mediopubic r. contraction of the adductors of the thigh upon tapping the pubic bone near the symphysis.
Mendel-Bechterew r. Bechterew-Mendel r
Mendel's instep r. the foot being firmly supported on its inner side, a sharp tap on the dorsal tendons causes extension of the second to the fifth toes.back of foot r., dorsum of foot r;
metacarpohypothenar r. flexion of the little finger on tapping the dorsum of the hand; seen in pyramidal tract lesions and is similar to Starling's r.
metacarpothenar r. thumb r
metatarsal r. cuboidodigital r
micturition r. contraction of the walls of the bladder and relaxation of the trigone and urethral sphincter in response to a rise in pressure within the bladder; the r. can be voluntarily inhibited and the inhibition readily abolished to control micturition.bladder r., urinary r., vesical r;
milk-ejection r. release of milk from the breast following tactile stimulation of the nipple; the afferent path is postulated to exist from the nipple to the hypothalamus; the efferent limb is represented by the neurohypophysial release of oxytocin into the systemic circulation; contraction of myoepithelial elements within the breast, caused by oxytocin, moves milk into the collecting ducts and toward the nipple.let-down r., milk let-down r;
milk let-down r. milk-ejection r
Mondonesi's r. bulbomimic r
Moro r. startle r. (1)
muscular r. myotatic r
myenteric r. contraction above and relaxation below a stimulated point in the intestine.law of intestine;
myotatic r. tonic contraction of the muscles in response to a stretching force, due to stimulation of muscle proprioceptors.Liddell-Sherrington r., muscular r., stretch r;
nasal r. sneezing caused by irritation of the nasal mucous membrane.
nasomental r. contraction of the mentalis muscle following a tap on the side of the nose.
near r. pupillary constriction with a near vision effort, with ocular convergence, or with accommodation; an associated reaction, not a true r.
neck r.'s changes in position of the head cause alterations in tone of the neck muscles through stimulation of proprioceptors in the labyrinth which bring the head into its correct position in space; stimulation of proprioceptors in the neck muscles causes in turn r. movements of the limbs which bring the animal into the normal position in relation to the head.
nociceptive r. flexor r
nocifensor r. vascular dilation in a part surrounding an injury or in its neighborhood.
nose-bridge-lid r. orbicularis oculi r
nose-eye r. orbicularis oculi r
oculocardiac r. a decrease in pulse rate associated with traction on extraocular muscles or compression of the eyeball; especially sensitive in children; may produce asystolic cardiac arrest.Aschner's phenomenon, Aschner's r., Aschner-Dagnini r., oculovagal r
oculocephalic r. oculocephalogyric r
oculocephalogyric r. turning of the eyes and head toward the source of an auditory, visual, or other form of stimulation.oculocephalic r;
oculovagal r. oculocardiac r
olecranon r. flexion of the forearm caused by tapping the olecranon.paradoxical triceps r;
Oppenheim's r. extension of the toes induced by scratching of the inner side of the leg or by following sudden flexion of the thigh on the abdomen and the leg on the thigh; a sign of cerebral irritation.
optical righting r.'s visual stimuli that enable an animal to maintain the correct position of the head in space, by bringing about movements of the muscles of the neck and limbs.
orbicularis oculi r. contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles upon tapping the margin of the orbit, or the bridge or tip of the nose.nose-bridge-lid r., nose-eye r;
orbicularis pupillary r. eye-closure pupil reaction
orienting r. an aspect of attending in which an organism's initial response to a change or to a novel stimulus is such that the organism becomes more sensitive to the stimulation; e.g., dilation of the pupil of the eye in response to dim light.investigatory r., orienting response;
palatal r. , palatine r. swallowing r. induced by stimulation of the palate.
palmar r. flexion of the fingers following tickling of the palm.
palm-chin r. palmomental r
palmomental r. unilateral (sometimes bilateral) contraction of the mentalis and orbicularis oris muscles caused by a brisk scratch made on the palm of the ipsilateral hand.palm-chin r;
parachute r. startle r. (1)
paradoxical r. any r. in which the usual response is reversed or does not conform to the pattern characteristic of the particular r.inverted r;
paradoxical extensor r. Babinski's sign (1)
paradoxical flexor r. Gordon r
paradoxical patellar r. 1. a tap on the patellar tendon causes contraction of the adductor; 2. sudden passive extension of the leg causes a contraction of the extensor muscles of the leg.
paradoxical pupillary r. a pupillary response to light, the reverse of that expected; e.g., contraction of the pupil in response to turning the lights off.Flynn phenomenon, paradoxical pupillary phenomenon;
paradoxical triceps r. olecranon r
patellar r. a sudden contraction of the anterior muscles of the thigh, caused by a smart tap on the patellar tendon while the leg hangs loosely at a right angle with the thigh.knee jerk, knee phenomenon, knee r., knee-jerk r., patellar tendon r., quadriceps r;
patellar tendon r. patellar r
patello-adductor r. crossed adduction of the leg on tapping the quadriceps tendon.
Pavlov's r. auriculopressor r
pectoral r. contraction of the pectoralis major muscle elicited by tapping the seventh rib between the anterior and the medial axillary lines while the arm is abducted; contraction of the deltoid and biceps may also occur.costopectoral r;
Perez r. running a finger down the spine of an infant held supported in a prone position will normally cause the whole body to become extended.
pericardial r. a vagal r. seen during operations involving pericardial manipulation; characterized by signs of vagal stimulation (bradycardia and arterial hypotension).
periosteal r. 1. front-tap r 2. a muscular contraction in the arm following a tap on the radius or ulna.
pharyngeal r. 1. swallowing r 2. vomiting r
phasic r. a coordinated complex response such as the scratch r. in the spinal animal.
Phillipson's r. a contraction of the extensors of the knee when the extensors of the opposite knee are inhibited.
pilomotor r. contraction of the smooth muscle of the skin resulting in "gooseflesh" caused by mild application of a tactile stimulus or by local cooling.
plantar r. the response to tactile stimulation of the ball of the foot, normally plantar flexion of the toes; the pathologic response is Babinski's sign (1) .sole r;
plantar muscle r. Rossolimo's r
pneocardiac r. a modification in the blood pressure or heart rhythm caused by the inhalation of an irritating vapor.
pneopneic r. a modification of the respiratory rhythm caused by the inhalation of an irritating vapor.
postural r. responses that control the position of the trunk and extremities. See also righting r.'s.static r. (1);
pressoreceptor r. a normal r. related to the carotid sinus syndrome.
pronator r. ulnar r
proprioceptive r.'s any r. brought about by stimulation of proprioceptors. See also proprioceptor.
proprioceptive-oculocephalic r. vestibular ocular r
protective laryngeal r. closure of the glottis to prevent entry of foreign substances into the respiratory tract.
psychocardiac r. a change in the circulatory rate and subjective heart consciousness (often "thumping") resulting from a memory of, or a subconscious dream state recollection of, an emotional impression or experience.
psychogalvanic r. , psychogalvanic skin r. galvanic skin response
pulmonocoronary r. r. constriction of the coronary arteries as a result of vagal stimuli arising in the lungs, as in pulmonary embolism.
pupillary r. change in diameter of the pupil as a reflex response to any type of stimulus; e.g., constriction caused by light.light r. (1);
pupillary-skin r. dilation of the pupil following scratching of the skin of the neck.ciliospinal r., cutaneous pupil r., cutaneous-pupillary r., skin-pupillary r;
quadriceps r. patellar r
quadripedal extensor r. extension of the arm of a hemiplegic patient when turned prone as if on all fours.Brain's r;
radial r. on tapping the lower end of the radius, flexion of the forearm occurs, and sometimes, on strong percussion, flexion of the fingers. See also inverted radial r.
radiobicipital r. contraction of the biceps muscle which sometimes occurs in the elicitation of the brachioradial r.
radioperiosteal r. brachioradial r
rectal r. the entrance of fecal matter into the rectum from the sigmoid colon causes an impulse to defecate.
rectocardiac r. a parasympathetic r. producing bradycardia and hypotension upon stimulation of the pelvic nerve, the afferent limb being the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, and the efferent limb, the cardiac vagus; said to accompany proctologic examinations.
rectolaryngeal r. laryngeal spasm precipitated by stretching the anal sphincter.
red r. pyramid of light
Remak's r. plantar flexion of the first three toes and, sometimes, the foot with extension of the knee induced by stroking of the upper anterior surface of the thigh; it occurs when the conducting paths in the cord are interrupted.
renal r. anuria caused by injury to a remote part of the body or by disease or injury to one kidney or ureter.
righting r.'s r.'s which through various receptors, in labyrinth, eyes, muscles, or skin, tend to bring an animal's body into its normal position in space and which resist any force acting to put it into a false position, e.g., on its back. See also body righting r.'s, labyrinthine righting r.'s, neck r.'s, optical righting r.'s.static r. (2);
Roger's r. esophagosalivary r
rooting r. in infants, rubbing or scratching about the mouth causes a puckering of the lips.
Rossolimo's r. flicking the tops of the toes from the plantar surface causes flexion of the toes; a stretch r. of the flexors of the toes seen in lesions of the pyramidal tracts. See also Starling's r.plantar muscle r., Rossolimo's sign;
scapular r. contraction of the upper muscles of the back by stimulation between the scapulae.interscapular r;
scapulohumeral r. contraction of muscles of the shoulder girdle and arm caused by tapping the lower part of the unilateral border of the scapula; the muscles which respond vary according to their degree of stretching at the time.scapuloperiosteal r;
scapuloperiosteal r. scapulohumeral r
Schäffer's r. in cases of injury to the corticospinal tract, the great toe is dorsiflexed when the skin over the Achilles tendon is pinched.
scratch r. in dogs stimulus applied to the skin of a saddle-shaped area of the back, sides, and flanks produces a scratching movement of the hind leg of the side stimulated.
semimembranosus r. , semitendinosus r. contraction of these muscles by tapping in the region of the tuberosity of the tibia.
shot-silk r. shot-silk retina
sinus r. See carotid sinus syndrome.
skin r.'s skin-muscle r.'s
skin-muscle r.'s superficial or cutaneous r.'s, such as the superficial abdominal r.'s.skin r.'s;
skin-pupillary r. pupillary-skin r
snapping r. Hoffmann's sign (2)
snout r. pouting or pursing of the lips induced by light tapping of closed lips near the midline; seen in defective pyramidal innervation of facial musculature.
sole r. plantar r
sole tap r. aponeurotic r
spinal r. a r. arc involving the spinal cord. See reflex arc.
spino-adductor r. contraction of the adductors of the thigh upon tapping the spinal column.McCarthy's r.'s (1);
Starling's r. tapping the volar surfaces of the fingers causes flexion of the fingers; analogous to Rossolimo's r., for the toes.
startle r. 1. the r. response of an infant (contraction of the limb and neck muscles) when allowed to drop a short distance through the air or startled by a sudden noise or jolt;Moro r., parachute r., startle reaction; 2. cochleopalpebral r
static r. 1. postural r 2. righting r.'s
statokinetic r. a r. which, through stimulation of the receptors in the neck muscles and semicircular canals, brings about movements of the limbs and eyes appropriate to a given movement of the head in space.
statotonic r.'s r.'s in which utricular receptors in the vestibular apparatus sense changes in the head's position in space in terms of linear acceleration and the earth's gravitational field while receptors in the neck muscles sense changes in the position of the head relative to the trunk; input from these receptors reflexly controls the tone of the limb muscles to maintain or regain the desired posture.attitudinal r.'s;
stepping r. if the plantar surface of a hind foot of a dog is pressed gently, a movement of extension of the limb will follow, accompanied sometimes by flexion of the opposite hind limb.
sternobrachial r. contraction of the adductors of the arm when the sternum is tapped.
stretch r. myotatic r
Strümpell's r. stroking the abdomen or thigh causes flexion of the leg and adduction of the foot.
styloradial r. brachioradial r
suckling r. the r. liberation of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis evoked by stimulation of nerves in the nipple during the act of suckling by the newborn animal.
superficial r. any r., e.g., the abdominal or cremasteric r., which is elicited by stimulation of the skin.
supination r. brachioradial r
supinator r. , supinator longus r. brachioradial r
supporting r.'s supporting reactions, under reaction
supraorbital r. contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle induced by tapping the supraorbital nerve.McCarthy's r.'s (2), trigeminofacial r;
suprapatellar r. the patella rises when a tap is given on the quadriceps tendon above the patella.
supraumbilical r. 1. epigastric r 2. abdominal r.'s
swallowing r. the act of swallowing (second stage) induced by stimulation of the palate, fauces, or posterior pharyngeal wall.deglutition r., pharyngeal r. (1);
synchronous r. subsidiary r. actions occurring in association with the main or leading r.
tapetal light r. the glow from the eyes of some animals in the dark when a light illuminates the retina; due to the reflection of the light from the tapetum, an iridescent layer (containing guanidine crystals) in the choroid.
tarsophalangeal r. extension of all the toes except the first, when the outer part of the tarsus is tapped; in certain cerebral diseases the reverse takes place, the toes being flexed.
tendo Achillis r. Achilles r
tendon r. a myotatic or deep r. in which the muscle stretch receptors are stimulated by percussing the tendon of a muscle.
thumb r. flexion of the thumb upon tapping the dorsum of the hand.metacarpothenar r;
tonic r. the occurrence of an appreciable interval after the production of a r. before relaxation, e.g., the leg remains up for a time after a knee jerk.Gordon's symptom;
trace conditioned r. a conditioned r. established by applying the stimulus a short time before reinforcement; in the conditioned r. of the animal so prepared, the response occurs at the same interval of time after the application of the stimulus as during the period of training.
trained r. conditioned r
triceps r. a sudden contraction of the triceps muscle caused by a smart tap on its tendon when the forearm hangs loosely at a right angle with the arm.elbow jerk, elbow r;
triceps surae r. Achilles r
trigeminofacial r. supraorbital r
trochanter r. contraction of the adductor muscles of the thigh elicited by a tap on the trochanter.
Trömner's r. a modified Rossolimo r. in which, with the fingers of the patient partially flexed, the tapping of the volar aspect of the tip of the middle or index finger causes flexion of all four fingers and thumb; seen in pyramidal tract lesions with moderate spasticity.
ulnar r. pronation and adduction of the hand caused by tapping the styloid process of the ulna.pronator r;
unconditioned r. an instinctive r. not dependent on previous learning or experience.
upper abdominal periosteal r. percussing the lower margin of the costal cartilages in the nipple line causes a contraction of the ipsilateral abdominal muscles (inconstant).
urinary r. micturition r
utricular r.'s See statotonic r.'s.
vagovagal r. bradycardia with arterial hypotension, often with supraventricular arrhythmias; ascribed to stimulation, especially mechanical, of afferent vagal pathways in the abdomen, thorax, or airway, the efferent arc being vagal cardioinhibitory fibers.
vasopressor r. vasoconstriction caused by stimulation of certain afferent fibers, e.g., in vagus nerve.
venorespiratory r. stimulation of respiration and increased pulmonary ventilation in response to an increase in pressure in the right atrium.
vertebra prominens r. pressure upon the last cervical vertebra of an animal, especially of one whose labyrinths have been destroyed and the vestibular nuclei isolated, causes relaxation or reduced tone of all four limbs.
vesical r. micturition r
vestibular ocular r. doll's eye signproprioceptive-oculocephalic r;
vestibulospinal r. the influence of vestibular stimulation on body posture.
visceral traction r. laryngeal spasm precipitated during an operation by traction on the stomach, gallbladder, or appendiceal mesentery.
viscerogenic r. any of a number of r.'s, such as headache, cough, disturbed pulse, etc., caused by disordered conditions of any of the viscera.
visceromotor r. contraction of the muscles of the thorax or abdomen in response to a stimulus from one of the viscera therein.
visceropannicular r. contraction of the panniculus carnosus muscle in the cat and certain other animals, in response to a stimulus applied to an abdominal viscus; the center for the r. is in the spinal cord, the afferent pathway is the splanchnic nerves.
viscerosensory r. an area of pain or sensitivity to pressure in the external body wall due to disease of one of the viscera. See also Head's lines, under line.
viscerotrophic r. a degenerative change in the skeletal soft tissues consequent upon a chronic inflammatory condition of any of the thoracic or abdominal viscera.
visual orbicularis r. contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle caused by a sudden visual stimulus. See also wink r.
vomiting r. vomiting (contraction of the abdominal muscles with relaxation of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach and of the muscles of the throat) elicited by a variety of stimuli, especially one applied to the region of the fauces.pharyngeal r. (2);
Weingrow's r. aponeurotic r
Westphal's pupillary r. eye-closure pupil reaction
white pupillary r. leukocoria
wink r. general term for r. closure of eyelids caused by any stimulus.eye-closure r;
withdrawal r. flexor r
wrist clonus r. sudden extension of the wrist induces a sustained clonic movement.
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Causing a reflex.reflexogenous;
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reflexogenic
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An instrument for graphically recording a reflex. [reflex + G. grapho, to write]
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The study of reflexes. [reflex + G. logos, study]
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An instrument for measuring the force necessary to excite a reflex. [reflex + G. metron, measure]
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Having exaggerated reflexes. [reflex + G. phileo, to love]
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reflex therapy
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1. A backward flow. See also regurgitation. 2. In chemistry, to boil without loss of vapor because of the presence of a condenser that returns vapor as liquid. [L. re-, back, + fluxus, a flow]
abdominojugular r. hepatojugular r
esophageal r. , gastroesophageal r. regurgitation of the contents of the stomach into the esophagus, possibly into the pharynx where they can be aspirated between the vocal cords and down into the trachea; symptoms of burning pain and acid taste result; pulmonary complications of aspiration are dependent upon the amount, content, and acidity of the aspirate.
hepatojugular r. an elevation of venous pressure visible in the jugular veins and measurable in the veins of the arm, produced in active or impending congestive heart failure by firm pressure with the flat hand over the abdomen. Often called hepatojugular reflex when pressure is exclusively over the liver.abdominojugular r;
intrarenal r. urinary r. from renal pelvis and calices into the collecting ducts. This is seen as a blush of the renal pyramid on voiding cystourethrography.pyelotubular r;
pyelotubular r. intrarenal r
ureterorenal r. backward flow of urine from ureter into renal pelvis.
vesicoureteral r. backward flow of urine from bladder into ureter.
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In computed tomography, when data from a series of contiguous transverse scan images are recombined to produce images in a different plane, such as sagittal or coronal.
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1. To change the direction of a ray of light. 2. To detect an error of refraction and to correct it by means of lenses. [L. refringo, pp. -fractus, to break up]
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Subject to refraction.refrangible;
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1. The deflection of a ray of light when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density; in passing from a denser into a rarer medium it is deflected away from a line perpendicular to the surface of the refracting medium; in passing from a rarer to a denser medium it is bent toward this perpendicular line. 2. The act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of the same by lenses.refringence; [L. refractio (see refract)]
double r. the property of having more than one refractive index according to the direction of the transmitted light.birefringence;
dynamic r. r. of the eye during accommodation.
static r. r. without accommodation.
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A person trained to measure the refraction of the eye and to determine the proper corrective lenses.
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refractometer
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1. Pertaining to refraction. 2. Having the power to refract.refringent;
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Refractive power.refringency;
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An instrument for measuring the degree of refraction in translucent substances, especially the ocular media. See refractive index.objective optometer, refractionometer; [refraction + G. metron, measure]
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1. Measurement of the refractive index. 2. Use of a refractometer to determine the refractive error of the eye.
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1. Resistant to treatment, as of a disease.intractable (1), obstinate (2); 2. obstinate (1) [L. refractarius, fr. refringo, pp. -fractus, to break in pieces]
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Breaking a bone that has united after a previous fracture. [re- + fracture]
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refractable [L. refringo, to break in pieces]
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1. To renew; to cause to recuperate. 2. To perform revivification (2). [O. Fr. re-frescher]
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1. Cooling; reducing slight fever. 2. An agent that gives a sensation of coolness or relieves feverishness. [L. re-frigero, pp. -atus, pr. p. -ans, to make cold, fr. frigus (frigor-), cold]
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The act of cooling or reducing fever. [L. refrigeratio (see refrigerant)]
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refraction
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refractivity
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refractive
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Sigvald, Norwegian neurologist, *1907. See R.'s disease, syndrome.
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Return of the circulation of blood which has been temporarily cut off by ligature of a limb. [L. re-fundo, pp. -fusus, to pour back]
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An appliance used in an attempt to regain space in the dental arches.
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Claude, French radiologist, 1870-1940. See R.'s fixative; residual body of R.
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To renew; to reproduce. [L. re- genero, pp. -atus, to reproduce, fr. genus (gener-), birth, race]
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1. Reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injured part.neogenesis; 2. A form of asexual reproduction; e.g., when a worm is divided into two or more parts, each segment is regenerated into a new individual. [L. regeneratio (see regenerate)]
aberrant r. misdirected regrowth of nerve fibers seen for example, after oculomotor nerve injury.misdirection phenomenon;
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A program, including drugs, which regulates aspects of one's life-style for a hygienic or therapeutic purpose; a program of treatment; sometimes mistakenly called regime. [L. direction, rule]
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region [L.]
regio´nes abdo´minis [NA] abdominal regions, under region
r. ana´lis [NA] anal triangle
r. antebrachia´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior region of forearm
r. antebrachia´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior region of forearm
r. axilla´ris [NA] axillary region
r. brachia´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior region of arm
r. brachia´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior region of arm
r. bucca´lis [NA] buccal region
r. calca´nea [NA] calcaneal region
regio´nes cap´itis [NA] regions of head, under region
r. carpa´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior carpal region
r. carpa´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior carpal region
regio´nes cervica´les [NA] regions of neck, under region
r. cervica´lis ante´rior anterior triangle of neck
r. cervica´lis latera´lis posterior triangle of neck
r. cervica´lis poste´rior posterior region of neck
regio´nes cor´poris [NA] regions of body, under region
r. crura´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior region of leg
r. crura´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior region of leg
r. cubita´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior region of elbow
r. cubita´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior region of elbow
r. deltoi´dea [NA] deltoid region
regio´nes dorsa´les [NA] regions of back, under region
r. epigas´trica [NA] epigastric region
regio´nes facia´les [NA] regions of face, under region
r. femora´lis [NA] femoral region
r. femora´lis ante´rior anterior region of thigh
r. femora´lis poste´rior posterior region of thigh
r. fronta´lis cap´itis [NA] frontal region of head
r. ge´nus ante´rior [NA] anterior knee region
r. ge´nus poste´rior [NA] posterior knee region
r. glutea´lis [NA] gluteal region
r. hypochondri´aca [NA] hypochondriac region
r. infraclavicula´ris infraclavicular fossa
r. inframamma´ria [NA] inframammary region
r. infraorbita´lis [NA] infraorbital region
r. infrascapula´ris [NA] infrascapular region
r. inguina´lis [NA] inguinal region
r. latera´lis [NA] lateral region
r. lumba´lis [NA] lumbar region
r. mamma´ria [NA] mammary region
regio´nes mem´bri inferio´ris [NA] regions of lower limb, under region
regio´nes mem´bri superio´ris [NA] regions of upper limb, under region
r. menta´lis [NA] mental region
r. nasa´lis [NA] nasal region
r. nucha´lis [NA] * official alternate term for posterior region of neck
r. occipita´lis cap´itis [NA] occipital region of head
r. olfacto´ria tu´nicae muco´sae na´si [NA] region of olfactory mucosa
r. ora´lis [NA] oral region
r. orbita´lis [NA] orbital region
r. parieta´lis cap´itis [NA] parietal region
regio´nes pectora´les [NA] regions of chest, under region
r. pectora´lis [NA] pectoral region
r. perinea´lis [NA] perineal region
r. plantaris * official alternate term for sole of foot
r. presterna´lis [NA] presternal region
r. pu´bica [NA] pubic region
r. respirato´ria tu´nicae muco´sae na´si [NA] region of respiratory mucosa
r. sacra´lis [NA] sacral region
r. scapula´ris [NA] scapular region
r. sternocleidomastoi´dea [NA] sternocleidomastoid region
r. sura´lis [NA] sural region, sural region
r. talocrura´lis [NA] ankle region
r. tempora´lis cap´itis [NA] temporal region of head
r. umbilica´lis [NA] umbilical region
r. urogenita´lis [NA] urogenital triangle
r. vertebra´lis [NA] vertebral region
r. zygomat´ica [NA] zygomatic region
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1. An often arbitrarily limited portion of the surface of the body. See also space, zone. 2. A portion of the body having a special nervous or vascular supply, or a part of an organ having a special function. See also area, space, spatium, zone.regio [NA]; [L. regio]
abdominal r.'s the topographical subdivisions of the abdomen; based on subdividing the abdomen by the transpyloric, interspinous and midclavicular planes; including the right and left hypochondriac, right and left lateral, right and left inguinal, and the unpaired epigastric, umbilical and pubic regions.regiones abdominis [NA], abdominal zones;
anal r. anal triangle
ankle r. the region of the lower limb between the leg (crus) and the foot (pes).regio talocruralis [NA];
anterior antebrachial r. anterior r. of forearm
anterior r. of arm area between deltoid region superiorly and anterior region of elbow inferiorly.facies brachialis anterior [NA], regio brachialis anterior [NA], anterior surface of arm, facies anterior brachii;
anterior brachial r. the anterior region of the arm.
anterior carpal r. the anterior part of the wrist.regio carpalis anterior [NA];
anterior crural r. anterior r. of leg
anterior cubital r. anterior r. of elbow
anterior r. of elbow the area in front of the elbow, including the cubital fossa.facies cubitalis anterior [NA], regio cubitalis anterior [NA], anterior cubital r., anterior surface of elbow;
anterior r. of forearm the area between the radial and ulnar borders of the forearm anteriorly.facies antebrachialis anterior [NA], regio antebrachialis anterior [NA], anterior antebrachial r., anterior surface of forearm, facies anterior antebrachii;
anterior hypothalamic r. the rostral portion of the hypothalamus that includes preoptic, supraoptic, paraventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei; the hypothalamic structures located internally in the general area of the optic chiasm.
anterior knee r. the anterior region of the knee.regio genus anterior [NA];
anterior r. of leg the anterior surface of the inferior limb between the knee and the ankle.facies cruralis anterior [NA], regio cruralis anterior [NA], anterior crural r., anterior surface of leg, facies anterior cruris;
anterior r. of neck anterior triangle of neck
anterior r. of thigh the front of the thigh, including the femoral triangle.facies femoralis anterior [NA], anterior surface of thigh, regio femoralis anterior;
axillary r. the region of the axilla, including the axillary fossa.regio axillaris [NA];
r.'s of back the topographical regions of the back of the trunk, including the vertebral r., sacral r., scapular r., infrascapular r., and lumbar r.regiones dorsales [NA];
r.'s of body the topographical divisions of the body.regiones corporis [NA];
buccal r. the region of the cheek, corresponding approximately to the outlines of the underlying buccinator muscle.regio buccalis [NA];
calcaneal r. the region of the heel.regio calcanea [NA];
r.'s of chest , r. of chest the topographic divisions of the chest: presternal, mammary, inframammary, and axillary. See pectoral r.regiones pectorales [NA];
chromosomal r. that part of a chromosome defined either by anatomical details, notably banding, or by its linkages (linkage group).
complementarity determining r.'s that part of an antibody or T cell receptor variable r. that binds with antigen or antigen/major histocompatibility molecule.
constant r. See immunoglobulin.
deltoid r. the lateral aspect of the shoulder demarcated by the outlines of the deltoid muscle.regio deltoidea [NA];
dorsal hypothalamic r. the portion of the hypothalamus located immediately ventral to the hypothalamic sulcus; contains small nuclei, some of which are associated with the ansa lenticularis and the entopeduncular nucleus.
epigastric r. the region of the abdomen located between the costal margins and the subcostal plane.epigastrium [NA], regio epigastrica [NA];
r.'s of face the topographical subdivisions of the face, including nasal, oral, mental, orbital, infraorbital, buccal, and zygomatic.regiones faciales [NA];
femoral r. the region of the thigh between hip and knee.regio femoralis [NA];
frontal r. of head the surface region of the head corresponding to the outlines of the frontal bone.regio frontalis capitis [NA];
gluteal r. the region of the buttocks.regio glutealis [NA];
r.'s of head the topographical division of the cranium in relation to the bones of the cranial vault; the regions include frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.regiones capitis [NA];
hinge r. 1. that part of a tRNA structure that is deformed, bending a "cloverleaf" (two-dimensional) model to form an "L" model (crystal form, as seen by electron microscopy); 2. in an immunoglobulin, a short sequence of amino acids that lies between two longer sequences and allows the latter to bend about the former.
hypervariable r.'s (hI-per´var-I-a-ble) the r.'s of the immunoglobulin molecule that contain most of the residues involved in the antibody binding site.
hypochondriac r. the region on each side of the abdomen covered by the costal cartilages; it is lateral to the epigastric region.regio hypochondriaca [NA], hypochondrium;
I r. that area of the H-2 complex of mice that contains Class II major histocompatibility complex genes.
iliac r. inguinal r
r.'s of inferior limb r.'s of lower limb
inframammary r. the region of the chest inferior to the mammary gland.regio inframammaria [NA];
infraorbital r. the region of the face below the orbit and alongside the nose on each side.regio infraorbitalis [NA];
infrascapular r. the region of the back lateral to the vertebral region and below the scapula.regio infrascapularis [NA];
inguinal r. the topographical area of the inferior abdomen related to the inguinal canal, lateral to the pubic region.regio inguinalis [NA], groin (1), iliac r., inguen;
r. of interest in computed tomography or other computerized imaging, an interactively selected portion of the image, whose individual or average pixel values can be displayed numerically.
intermediate hypothalamic r. the infundibular portion of the hypothalamus, includes the medial tuberal nuclei and portions of the dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate (infundibular), posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei; located internally in the general area of the infundibulum.
K r. carbons 9 and 10 of the phenanthrene ring system; thought by some to be the reactive spot in the various hydrocarbon carcinogens.
lateral r. the area of the abdomen on each side of the umbilical region between transpyloric plane and intertubercular or interspinous plane.regio lateralis [NA];
lateral hypothalamic r. extends throughout most of the rostrocaudal extent of the hypothalamus lateral to the column of the fornix; includes lateral tuberal nuclei, tuberomamillary nuclei, and diffuse populations of cells.lateral hypothalamic area;
lateral r. of neck posterior triangle of neck
r.'s of lower limb the topographic divisions of the lower limb: gluteal, thigh (or femoral), knee, leg (or crural), ankle, and foot.regiones membri inferioris [NA], r.'s of inferior limb;
lumbar r. the region of the back lateral to the vertebral region and between the rib cage and the pelvis.regio lumbalis [NA];
mammary r. the region of the breast.regio mammaria [NA];
mental r. the region of the chin.regio mentalis [NA];
nasal r. the region of the nose.regio nasalis [NA];
r.'s of neck the topographical subdivisions of the neck.regiones cervicales [NA], neck (1);
nuchal region posterior r. of neck
nucleolus organizer r. an arrangement of the DNA coding for the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
occipital r. of head the surface region of the head corresponding to the outlines of the occipital bone.regio occipitalis capitis [NA];
r. of olfactory mucosa the specialized olfactory receptive area that includes the upper one-third of the nasal septum and the lateral wall above the superior concha; it is lined with olfactory mucosa.regio olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi [NA], olfactory r. of tunica mucosa of nose, Schultze's membrane;
olfactory r. of tunica mucosa of nose r. of olfactory mucosa
oral r. the region of the face including the lips and mouth.regio oralis [NA];
orbital r. the region about the orbit.regio orbitalis [NA];
parietal r. the surface region of the head corresponding to the outlines of the underlying parietal bone.regio parietalis capitis [NA];
pectoral r. , pectoral r.'s the region of the chest demarcated by the outline of the pectoralis major muscle. See pectoral r., r.'s of chest.regio pectoralis [NA];
perineal r. the r. at the lower end of the trunk, anterior to the sacral region and posterior to the pubic region between the thighs; it is divided into the anal triangle posteriorly and the urogenital triangle anteriorly.regio perinealis [NA];
popliteal r. popliteal fossa
posterior antebrachial r. posterior r. of forearm
posterior r. of arm the back of arm.facies brachialis posterior [NA], regio brachialis posterior [NA], posterior brachial r., posterior surface of arm;
posterior brachial r. posterior r. of arm
posterior carpal r. the posterior part of the wrist.regio carpalis posterior [NA];
posterior crural r. posterior r. of leg
posterior cubital r. posterior r. of elbow
posterior r. of elbow the back of the elbow.facies cubitalis posterior [NA], regio cubitalis posterior [NA], posterior cubital r., posterior surface of elbow;
posterior r. of forearm the area between the radial and ulnar borders of the forearm posteriorly.regio antebrachialis posterior [NA], facies antebrachialis posterior [NA], posterior antebrachial r., posterior surface of forearm;
posterior hypothalamic r. caudal portions of the hypothalamus located internally in the area of the mamillary body, includes medial, intermediate, and lateral mamillary nuclei and the posterior hypothalamic nuclei.posterior hypothalamic area;
posterior knee r. the posterior region of the knee, including the popliteal fossa.regio genus posterior [NA];
posterior r. of leg the back of the leg.regio cruralis posterior [NA], posterior crural r., posterior surface of leg;
posterior r. of neck the back of neck, including the suboccipital region.regio nuchalis [NA], nuchal region, posterior neck r., regio cervicalis posterior;
posterior neck r. posterior r. of neck
posterior r. of thigh the back of the thigh.facies femoralis posterior [NA], posterior surface of thigh, regio femoralis posterior;
preoptic r. the most anterior part of the hypothalamus surrounding the anterior or preoptic part of the third ventricle and including the lamina terminalis; containing the lateral and medial preoptic nucleus continuous caudally with, respectively, the lateral and anterior hypothalamic nucleus; rostrally the preoptic r. is continuous with the precommissural septum, laterally with the innominate substance.preoptic area;
presternal r. the part of the chest over the sternum.regio presternalis [NA];
presumptive r. in experimental embryology, an area of the blastula from which a specific tissue or organ may be expected to develop.
pretectal r. pretectal area
pubic r. the lower central region of the abdomen below the umbilical region.hypogastrium [NA], regio pubica [NA];
r. of respiratory mucosa the area commencing at the vestibule of the nose lined with respiratory mucosa; with the exception of the olfactory mucusa, it includes the entire nasal cavity.regio respiratoria tunicae mucosae nasi [NA], respiratory r. of tunica mucosa of nose;
respiratory r. of tunica mucosa of nose r. of respiratory mucosa
sacral r. the area of the back overlying the sacrum.regio sacralis [NA];
scaffold-associated r.'s (SAR) sites in DNA that bind topoisomerase II and other scaffold proteins; found in introns.
scapular r. the area of the back corresponding to the outlines of the scapula.regio scapularis [NA];
sternocleidomastoid r. the region overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle, including the lesser supraclavicular fossa.regio sternocleidomastoidea [NA];
suboccipital r. upper back of neck, inferior to occipital region of head and above the level of the second cervical vertebra; overlies (or includes, deeply) the suboccipital triangle.
r.'s of superior limb r.'s of upper limb
sural r. the muscular swelling of the back of the leg below the knee, formed chiefly by the bellies of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.regio suralis [NA], sura [NA], calf (1);
temporal r. of head the surface region of the head corresponding approximately to the outlines of the temporal bone.regio temporalis capitis [NA];
umbilical r. the central region of the abdomen about the umbilicus.regio umbilicalis [NA];
r.'s of upper limb the topographic divisions of the upper limb: deltoid, arm, elbow, forearm, carpal region, and hand.regiones membri superioris [NA], r.'s of superior limb;
urogenital r. urogenital triangle
variable r. See immunoglobulin.
vertebral r. the central region of the back, corresponding to the underlying vertebral column.regio vertebralis [NA];
Wernicke's r. Wernicke's center
zygomatic r. the region of the face outlined by the zygomatic bone; the prominence above the cheek.regio zygomatica [NA];
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Relating to a region.
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Plural of regio. [L.]
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The file of data concerning all cases of a specified condition, such as cancer, occurring in a defined population; the register is the actual document, the registry is the system of ongoing registration. [Mediev. L. registrum, fr. L.L. re-gero, pp. re-gestum to record]
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In dentistry, a record.
maxillomandibular r. maxillomandibular record
tissue r. in dentistry, 1. the accurate r. of the shape of tissues under any condition by means of a suitable material; 2. an impression.
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1. An organization that lists professionals in certain fields. 2. An agency for the collection of pathological material and related information and the organization of these materials for the purpose of study. 3. An agency for the collection of data on individuals who have had a certain disease to allow follow-up and evaluation of response to therapy.
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The briefest unit of experience; the unit composed of the total physiological processes occurring at a single moment, which constitute dominant configurations in the brain. A single process comprising part of the r. is referred to as a regnant process. [L. regnant-, regnans, pres. p. of regno, to rule]
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1. A subsidence of symptoms. 2. A relapse; a return of symptoms. 3. Any retrograde movement or action. 4. A return to a more primitive mode of behavior due to an inability to function adequately at a more adult level. 5. The tendency for offspring of exceptional parents to possess characteristics closer to those of the general population. 6. An unconscious defense mechanism by which there occurs a return to earlier patterns of adaptation. 7. The distribution of one random variable given particular values of other variables relevant to it, e.g., a formula for the distribution of weight as a function of height and chest circumference. The method was formulated by Galton in his study of quantitative genetics. [L. re-gredior, pp. -gressus, to go back]
phonemic r. a decrease in intelligibility of speech associated with an increase in loudness.
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Relating to or characterized by regression.
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1. Control of the rate or manner in which a process progresses or a product is formed. 2. In experimental embryology, the power of a pregastrula embryo to continue approximately normal development after a part or parts have been manipulated or destroyed. [L. regula, a rule]
enzyme r. control of the rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme by some effector (e.g., inhibitors or activators) or by alteration of some condition (e.g., pH or ionic strength).
gene r. control of protein synthesis by means of activation or inhibition of that protein synthesis.
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A substance or process that regulates another substance or process.
growth r.'s substances that can alter the growth of a living organism.
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A set of structural genes, all with the same gene regulation, whose gene products are involved in the same reaction pathway.
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Regurgitating; flowing backward.
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1. To flow backward. 2. To expel the contents of the stomach in small amounts, short of vomiting. [L. re-, back, + gurgito, pp. -atus, to flood, fr. gurges (gurgit-), a whirlpool]
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1. A backward flow, as of blood through an incompetent valve of the heart. 2. The return of gas or small amounts of food from the stomach. [L. regurgitatio (see regurgitate)]
aortic r. reflux of blood through an incompetent aortic valve into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole.Corrigan's disease;
ischemic mitral r. a r. of the mitral valve caused by ischemic heart disease.
mitral r. reflux of blood through an incompetent mitral valve.
pulmonic r. incompetence of the pulmonic valve permitting retrograde flow.
valvular r. a leaky state of one or more of the cardiac valves, the valve not closing tightly and blood therefore regurgitating through it.valvular incompetence, valvular insufficiency;
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Restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near normal manner. [L. rehabilitare, pp. -tatus, to make fit, fr. re- + habilitas, ability]
mouth r. restoration of the form and function of the masticatory apparatus to as nearly a normal condition as possible.
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A process associated with enhancing short-term and long-term memory wherein newly presented information, such as a name or a list of words, is repeated to oneself one or more times in order not to forget it.
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Martin E., U.S. physician, 1887-1964. See R. method, stomach tube.
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The return of water to a system after its loss.
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Friedrich P., German gynecologist and surgeon, 1858-1934. See R.-Pólya stomach resection.
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Karl B., German anatomist, 1811-1884. See R.'s cartilage, cochlear recess; R.-Meissl number.
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Robert W., Scottish anatomist, 1851-1939. See R.'s base line.
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Edward C. Jr., U.S. endocrinologist, 1908-1975. See R.'s syndrome.
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Johann C., German physician, neurologist, and histologist, 1759-1813. See R.'s ansa, band, ribbon, triangle; limiting sulcus of R.; circular sulcus of R.; island of R.
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replantation
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A second infection by the same microorganism, after recovery from or during the course of a primary infection.
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1. An increase of force or strength; denoting specifically the increased sharpness of the patellar reflex when the patient at the same time closes the fist tightly or pulls against the flexed fingers or contracts some other set of muscles. See also Jendrassik's maneuver. 2. In dentistry, a structural addition or inclusion used to give additional strength in function; e.g., bars in plastic denture base. 3. In conditioning, the totality of the process in which the conditioned stimulus is followed by presentation of the unconditioned stimulus which, itself, elicits the response to be conditioned. See also reinforcer, schedules of reinforcement, under schedule, classical conditioning, operant conditioning.
primary r. satisfaction of physiological needs or drives, such as that supplied by food or sleep.
secondary r. r. through something which, while it does not satisfy the need directly, has been associated with direct satisfaction of the need, such as the effect on behavior of a food or beer commercial on television.
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In conditioning, a pleasant or satisfaction-yielding (positive r. ) or painful or unsatisfying (negative r. ), stimulus, object, or stimulus event that is obtained upon the performance of a desired or predetermined operant. See also reinforcement (3).reward;
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Friedrich B., German anatomist, 1862-1919. See R. crystalloids, under crystalloid.
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Restoration of nerve control of a paralyzed muscle or other effector organ by means of regrowth of nerve fibers, either spontaneously or after anastomosis.
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Reinfection by means of inoculation.
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Adolf, German physician, 1862-1916. See R.'s test.
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In the mental health professions, the return to well adjusted functioning following disturbances due to mental illness.
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The correction, spontaneous or operative, of an inversion, as of the uterus.
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Franz D., German anatomist, 1773-1828. See R.'s muscles, under muscle.
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Ernst, German anatomist, 1824-1878. See R.'s fiber, membrane.
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Ralph M., U.S. psychologist, *1922. See Halstead-R. battery.
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Hans, German bacteriologist, 1881-1969. See R. test; R.'s disease, syndrome; Fiessinger-Leroy-R. syndrome.
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1. The immunological response to incompatibility in a transplanted organ. 2. A refusal to accept, recognize, or grant; a denial. 3. Elimination of small ultrasonic echoes from display. [L. rejectio, a throwing back]
accelerated r. a transplant r. manifested in less than three days.
acute r. acute cellular r
acute cellular r. graft r. which usually begins within 10 days after a graft has been transplanted into a genetically dissimilar host. Lesions at the site of the graft characteristically are infiltrated with large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages which cause tissue damage. See primary r.acute r;
allograft r. (al´lo-graft) the r. of tissue transplanted between two genetically different individuals of the same species. R. is caused by T lymphocytes responding to the foreign major histocompatibility complex of the graft.homograft;
chronic r. a transplant r. occurring after a few or many months, mainly from persisting serum antibody action.
chronic allograft r. immunologically mediated damage to the allograft, typically a kidney allograft, manifested by diffuse interstitial fibrosis glomerular changes, typically membranous and sclerotic in nature, as well as intimal fibrosis of the blood vessels with tubular atrophy and loss of tubular structures.
first-set r. allograft transplantation between two organisms not previously sensitized to the graft tissue. Necrosis of the graft usually occurs within 10 days of transplantation.
hyperacute r. 1. a r. that usually develops in less than one hour from the implantation of a vascular graft; 2. a form of antibody-mediated, usually irreversible damage to a transplanted organ, particularly the kidney, manifested predominantly by diffuse thrombotic lesions, usually confined to the organ itself and only rarely disseminated; 3. for skin allograft rejection of this type, see white graft.
parental r. a child's denying, withholding, or unacceptance of affection or attention to or from a parent, or its obverse from a parent to or from a child.
primary r. a r. occurring more than seven days after transplantation, mainly from a cellular immune response.
second set r. an accelerated r. of a transplant that occurs when an individual has been previously sensitized to the graft.
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A renewal of youth; return of a cell or tissue to a state in which it was in an earlier stage of existence. [L. re-, again, + juvenesco, to grow young, fr. juvenis, a youth]
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Return of the manifestations of a disease after an interval of improvement.recurrence (2); [L. re-labor, pp. -lapsus, to slide back]
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Recurring; said of a disease or its manifestations that returns in a new attack after an interval of improvement.
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1. An association or connection between or among people or objects. See also relationship. 2. In dentistry, the mode of contact of teeth or the positional relationship of oral structures. [L. relatio, a bringing back]
acquired centric r. See centric jaw r.
acquired eccentric r. an eccentric r. that is assumed by habit in order to bring the teeth into occlusion.
buccolingual r. the position of a space or tooth in r. to the tongue and the cheek.
centric jaw r. , centric r. 1. the most retruded physiologic r. of the mandible to the maxillae to and from which the individual can make lateral movements; it is a condition which can exist at various degrees of jaw separation, and it occurs around the terminal hinge axis; 2. the most posterior r. of the mandible to the maxillae at the established vertical r. See also eccentric r.median retruded r., median r;
dynamic r.'s relative movements between two objects, e.g., the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae.
eccentric r. any r. of the mandible to the maxillae other than centric r.eccentric position;
intermaxillary r. maxillomandibular r
maxillomandibular r. any one of the many r.'s of the mandible to the maxillae, e.g., centric jaw r., eccentric r.intermaxillary r;
median retruded r. , median r. centric jaw r
occluding r. the jaw r. at which the opposing teeth occlude.
protrusive r. the r. of the mandible to the maxillae when the lower jaw is thrust forward.
protrusive jaw r. a jaw r. resulting from a protrusion of the mandible.
rest r. the postural r. of the mandible to the maxillae when the patient is resting comfortably in the upright position and the condyles are in a neutral unstrained position in the glenoid fossa.rest jaw r., unstrained jaw r;
rest jaw r. rest r
ridge r. the positional r. of the mandibular ridge to the maxillary ridge.
static r.'s relationship between two parts that are not in motion.
unstrained jaw r. rest r
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The state of being related, associated, or connected.
blood r. consanguinity
dose-response r. r. in which a change in the amount, intensity, or duration of exposure is associated with a change in risk of a specified outcome.
dual r.'s r.'s in which a health service provider is concurrently participating in two or more role categories with a patient; such dual r.'s may be benign (as when both are members of the same social group) or exploitive (a sexual r.).
Haldane r. a mathematical r. between the equilibrium constant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and all of that enzyme's kinetic parameters (e.g., Vmax and Km's).
hypnotic r. r. between hypnotizer, or hypnotist, and the hypnotized, or hypnotee.
object r. in the behavioral sciences, the emotional bond between an individual and another person (or between two groups), as opposed to the individual's (or group's) interest in him or herself (itself).
sadomasochistic r. a r. characterized by the complementary enjoyment of inflicting and suffering cruelty.
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See under effectiveness.
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1. To loosen; to slacken. 2. To cause a movement of the bowels. [L. re-laxo, to loosen]
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1. Relaxing; causing relaxation; reducing tension, especially muscular tension. 2. An agent that reduces muscular tension or produces skeletal muscle paralysis, usually referred to as a muscle r.
depolarizing r. an agent, e.g., succinylcholine, that induces depolarization of the motor endplate and so paralyzes skeletal muscle by a phase I block.
muscle r. a drug with the capacity to reduce muscle tone; may be either a peripherally acting muscle r. such as curare and act to produce blockade at the neuromuscular junction (and thus useful in surgery), or act as a centrally acting muscle r. exerting its effects within the brain and spinal cord to diminish muscle tone (and thus useful in muscle spasm or spasticity).
muscular r. an agent that relaxes striated muscle; includes drugs acting at the brain and/or spinal cord level or directly on muscle to decrease tone, as well as the neuromuscular r.'s.
neuromuscular r. an agent, e.g., curare or succinylcholine, that produces relaxation of striated muscle by interruption of transmission of nervous impulses at the myoneural junction.
nondepolarizing r. an agent, e.g., tubocurarine, that paralyzes skeletal muscle without depolarization of the motor endplate, as in phase II block.
smooth muscle r. an agent, such as an antispasmodic, bronchodilator, or vasodilator, that reduces the tension or tone of smooth (involuntary) muscle.
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1. Loosening, lengthening, or lessening of tension in a muscle. 2. In nuclear magnetic resonance, r. is the decay in magnetization of tissue after the direction of the surrounding magnetic field is changed; the different rates of r. for individual nuclei and tissues are used to provide contrast in imaging. [L. relaxatio (see relax)]
cardioesophageal r. r. of the lower esophageal sphincter which can allow reflux of acidic gastric contents into the lower esophagus, producing esophagitis.
isometric r. decrease in tension of a muscle while the length remains constant due to fixation of the ends.
isovolumetric r. isovolumic r
isovolumic r. that part of the cardiac cycle between the time of aortic valve closure and mitral opening, during which the ventricular muscle decreases its tension without lengthening so that ventricular volume remains unaltered; the heart is never precisely isovolumetric (vs. isovolumic) except during long diastoles with a midiastolic period of diastasis.isovolumetric r;
longitudinal r. in nuclear magnetic resonance, the return of the magnetic dipoles of the hydrogen nuclei (magnetization vector) to equilibrium parallel to the magnetic field, after they have been flipped 90°; varies in rate in different tissues, taking up to 15 seconds for water. See TI.spin-lattice r., spin-spin r;
spin-lattice r. longitudinal r
spin-spin r. longitudinal r
transverse r. in nuclear magnetic resonance, the rapid decay of the nuclear magnetization vector at right angles to the magnetic field after the 90° pulse is turned off; the signal is called free induction decay. See T2. Cf. longitudinal r.
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A polypeptide hormone secreted by the corpora lutea of mammalian species during pregnancy. Facilitates the birth process by causing a softening and lengthening of the pubic symphysis and cervix; it also inhibits contraction of the uterus and may play a role in timing of parturition.cervilaxin, ovarian hormone, releasin, uterine relaxing factor; [relax + -in]
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The process of regaining a skill or ability that has been partially or entirely lost; savings involved in r., as compared with original learning, give an index of the degree of retention.
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relaxin
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The degree of stability exhibitied when a measurement is repeated under identical conditions. See correlation coefficient, reliability coefficient. [M.E. relien, fr. O.Fr. relier, fr. L. religo, to bind]
equivalent form r. in psychology, the consistency of measurement based on the correlation between scores on two similar forms of the same test taken by the same individual. See also reliability coefficient.
interjudge r. in psychology, the consistency of measurement obtained when different judges or examiners independently administer the same test to the same individual.interrater r;
interrater r. interjudge r
test-retest r. in psychology, the consistency of measurement based on the correlation between test and retest scores for the same individual. See also coefficient, reliability.
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1. Removal of pain or distress, physical or mental. 2. In dentistry, reduction or elimination of pressure from a specific area under a denture base. See also relief area, relief chamber. [see relieve]
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To free wholly or partly from pain or discomfort, either physical or mental. [thru O. Fr. fr. L. re-levo, to lift up, lighten]
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In dentistry, to resurface the tissue side of a denture with new base material to make it fit more accurately. See also rebase.
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Acronym for rapid eye movements, under movement; reticular erythematous mucinosis.
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Abbreviation for roentgen-equivalent-man.roentgen
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Ernst J., German neurologist, 1848-1911. See R.'s reflex, sign.
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Robert, Polish-German anatomist and histologist, 1815-1865. See R.'s nuclear division, fibers, under fiber, ganglia, under ganglion, plexus.
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Curable. [L. remediabilis, fr. remedio, to cure]
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Curative or acting as a remedy.
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An agent that cures disease or alleviates its symptoms. [L. remedium, fr. re-, again, + medeor, cure]
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1. The return to the body or a local area of necessary mineral constituents lost through disease or dietary deficiencies; commonly used in referring to the content of calcium salts in bone. 2. In dentistry, a process enhanced by the presence of fluoride whereby partially decalcified enamel, dentin, and cementum become recalcified by mineral replacement.
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In the psychology of learning, an improvement in recall, over that shown on the last trial, of incompletely learned material after an interval without practice. [L. reminiscentiae, from reminiscor, to remember]
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1. Abatement or lessening in severity of the symptoms of a disease. 2. The period during which such abatement occurs. [L. remissio, fr. re-mitto, pp. -missus, to send back, slacken, relax]
spontaneous r. in psychiatry and clinical psychology, disappearance of symptoms without formal treatment; causes of their disappearance are assumed to exist but are not known.
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To become less severe for a time without absolutely ceasing. [see remission]
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A temporary amelioration, without actual cessation, of symptoms.
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Characterized by temporary periods of abatement of the symptoms of a disease.
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Something remaining, a residue or vestige. [O. Fr., fr. remaindre, to remain, fr. L. remaneo]
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A cyclical process by which bone maintains a dynamic steady state through sequential resorption and formation of a small amount of bone at the same site; unlike the process of modeling, the size and shape of remodeled bone remain unchanged.
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kidney [L.]
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nephric
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The conversion of a denatured and inactive macromolecule back to its natured and bioactive configuration.
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1. cortical lobules of kidney, under lobule 2. reniculus (2)
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Henri J.L.M., French physician, 1844-1902. See R.-Osler-Weber syndrome.
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See reno-.
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The capsule of the kidney. [reni- + L. capsula, capsule]
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cardiorenal [reni- + G. kardia, heart]
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1. cortical lobules of kidney, under lobule 2. A lobe of the human fetal kidney and that of some lower animals in which fibrous septa subdivide the organ.renculus (2), renunculus (2); [L. dim. of ren, kidney]
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A sniffer; one who is sexually excited by odors. [Fr.]
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nephroid
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A term originally used for a pressor substance obtained from rabbits' kidneys, now an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.angiotensinogenase;
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1. Relating to the hilum of the kidney. 2. Relating to the portal, or venous capillary circulation in the kidney. [reni- + L. porta, gate]
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chymosin
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chymosin
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chymosin
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prochymosin [rennin + G. -gen, producing]
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The kidney. See also nephro-. [L. ren]
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Relating to the kidneys and the skin. [reno- + L. cutis, skin]
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Relating to the kidneys and the stomach. [reno- + G. gaster, stomach]
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Originating in or from the kidney.
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The assessment of renal function by external radiation detectors after the administration of a radiopharmaceutical that is filtered and excreted by the kidney. [reno- + G. gramma, something written]
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Radiography of the kidney.
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Relating to the kidneys and the intestine.
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Enlargement of the kidney.
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A rarely used term for nephropathy
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Relating to, characterized by, or resulting from total loss of kidney function or from removal of all functioning renal tissue. [reno- + L. privus, deprived of]
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Relating to the kidneys and the lungs.
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Relating to any agent influencing the growth or nutrition of the kidney or to the action of such an agent.nephrotrophic, nephrotropic, renotropic; [reno- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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An agent affecting the growth or nutrition of the kidney.renotropin;
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renotrophic [reno- + G. trope, a turning]
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renotrophin
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Pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidney, denoting especially disease of these vessels.
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H., 20th century Canadian physician. See R.'s syndrome.
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Abbreviation for [L.] renovetur semel, shall be renewed (only) once.
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B., 20th century U.S. neurophysiologist. See R. cells, under cell.
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1. cortical lobules of kidney, under lobule 2. reniculus (2) [L. dim. of ren]
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A family of double-stranded RNA viruses, some of which (Reovirus) previously were included with ECHO viruses, and others (Orbivirus), with arboviruses. Virions are 60 to 80 nm in diameter, usually naked, and ether-resistant; genomes contain double-stranded, segmented RNA (MW 10 to 16 x 106); capsids are of icosohedral symmetry with two layers of capsomeres. The family comprises six genera: Reovirus, Orbivirus, Rotavirus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus group (Cypovirus), and two plant reovirus groups (Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus). [Respiratory Enteric Orphan + viridae]
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A genus of viruses (family Reoviridae) that are 75 to 80 nm in diameter, with distinct double layers of capsomeres, and have vertebrates as hosts; a causative relationship to illness has not been proven. They have been recovered from children with mild fever and sometimes diarrhea, and from children with no apparent infection; from chimpanzees with coryza; monkeys and mice; and cattle feces. There are three antigenically distinct human types related by a common complement-fixing antigen.
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Abbreviation for roentgen-equivalent-physical.roentgen
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Restoration of diseased or damaged tissues naturally by healing processes or artificially, as by surgical means. [M.E.,fr. O.Fr.,fr. L. re-paro, fr. re-, back, again, + paro, prepare, put in order]
chemical r. conversion of a free radical to a stable molecule.
error-prone r. SOS r
excision r. the use of a complementary DNA strand as a template to replace a damaged segment of DNA.
mismatch r. replacement of mismatched base pairs by removal of the incorrect base and replacement with the correct base by DNA polymerase.
recombinatorial r. the incorporation of corresponding DNA of a DNA segment from an identical DNA molecule for the purpose of replacing a damaged segment of DNA.
SOS r. a system that repairs severely damaged bases in DNA by base excision and replacement, even if there is no template to guide base selection. This process is a last resort for repair, and is often the cause of mutations.error-prone r;
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Denoting a bacterial colony with edges marked by a series of slightly concave segments with angular projections at their points of union. [L. repandus, bent or turned back, fr. re-, back, + pandus, curved]
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1. Capable of driving off or repelling; repulsive. 2. An agent that drives away or prevents annoyance or irritation by insect pests. 3. An astringent or other agent that reduces swelling. [L. re-pello, pp. -pulsus, to drive back]
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In psychoanalysis, the tendency to repeat earlier experiences or actions, in an unconscious effort to achieve belated mastery over them; a morbid need to repeat a particular behavior such as handwashing or repeated checking to see if the door is locked.
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1. To perform replantation. 2. A part or organ so replaced or about to be so replaced.
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Replacement of an organ or part back in its original site and reestablishing its circulation.reimplantation; [L. re-, again, + planto, pp. -atus, to plant, fr. planta, a sprout, slip]
intentional r. elective extraction of a tooth, obturation of the root canal(s), and replacement of the tooth into the alveolus.
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1. hypervolemia 2. plethora (2) [L. repletio, fr. re-pleo, pp. -pletus, to fill up]
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A specimen for electron microscopic examination obtained by coating a crystalline array or other virus material with carbon; the mold (the r.) obtained after the viral material has been dissolved provides details of structure and arrangement. [It., fr. L.L. re-plico, to fold back]
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Descriptive term for RNA-directed RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48) associated with replication of RNA viruses.
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1. One of several identical processes or observations. 2. To repeat; to produce an exact copy.
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1. The execution of an experiment or study more than once so as to confirm the original findings, increase precision, and obtain a closer estimate of sampling error. 2. Autoreproduction, as in mitosis or cellular biology. See autoreproduction. 3. DNA-directed DNA synthesis. [L. replicatio, a reply, fr. replico, pp. -atus, to fold back]
bidirectional r. a situation in which DNA r. proceeds with two r. forks moving in opposite directions around a circle or D loop-type structure.
conservative r. a hypothetical form of r. in which a double-stranded DNA produces two daughter dsDNA, one of which consists of the two original strands while the other daughter DNA consists of two newly synthesized chains.
semiconservative r. r. in which a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) produces two daughter dsDNA, each of which contains one of the original chains and one newly synthesized strand.
unidirectional r. r. in which there is movement by a single r. fork.
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The specific site of a bacterial genome (chromosome) at which replication begins.
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1. A segment of a chromosome (or of the DNA of a chromosome or similar entity) that can replicate, with its own initiation and termination codons, independently of the chromosome in which it may be located. 2. The replication unit; several are found per DNA in eukaryotic systems. [replication + -on]
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The process whereby the membrane, cell, or fiber, after depolarization, is polarized again, with positive charges on the outer and negative charges on the inner surface.
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reduction (1)
gingival r. surgical relocation of the attached gingiva to eliminate pathosis or to establish more acceptable form and function.
jaw r. the changing of any relative position of the mandible to the maxillae, by altering the occlusion of the natural or artificial teeth or by surgical means.
muscle r. the surgical replacement of a muscle attachment into a more functional position.
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An instrument used to reposition a displaced organ.
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Subjected to repression.
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1. In psychotherapy, the active process or defense mechanism of keeping out and ejecting, banishing from consciousness, ideas or impulses that are unacceptable to it. 2. Decreased expression of some gene product. [L. re-primo, pp. -pressus, to press back, repress]
catabolite r. the decreased expression of an operon due to elevated levels of a catabolite of a biochemical pathway.
end product r. catabolite r. in which the catabolite is an end product of a particular pathway.
enzyme r. inhibition of enzyme synthesis by some metabolite.
primal r. r. of material never in conscious thought.
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The product of a regulator or r. gene.
active r. a r. that combines directly with an operator gene to repress the operator and its structural genes, thus repressing protein synthesis; active r. may be repressed by an inducer, with resulting protein synthesis; a homeostatic mechanism for regulation of inducible enzyme systems.
inactive r. a r. that cannot combine with an operator gene until it has combined with a corepressor (usually a product of a protein pathway); after activation, the r. arrests production of the proteins controlled by the operator gene; a homeostatic mechanism for regulation of repressible enzyme systems.aporepressor;
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1. Ability to cause to exist again or to present again. 2. The ability to duplicate measurements over long periods of time by different laboratories.
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1. The recall and presentation in the mind of the elements of a former impression. 2. The total process by which organisms produce offspring.generation (1), procreation; [L. re-, again, + pro-duco, pp. -ductus, to lead forth, produce]
asexual r. r. other than by union of male and female sex cells.agamogenesis, agamogony;
cytogenic r. r. by means of unicellular germ cells; includes both sexual r. and asexual r. by means of spores.
sexual r. r. by union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.gamogenesis, syngenesis;
somatic r. asexual r. by fission or budding of somatic cells.
vegetative r. See asexual r.
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Relating to reproduction.
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An enzyme found in the venom of Bothrops atrox that clots fibrinogen by splitting off its fibrinopeptide. [reptile + -ase]
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A class of vertebrates comprising the alligators, crocodiles, lizards, turtles, tortoises, and snakes. [L. reptilis, ntr. -e, creeping; ntr. as n., reptile]
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Renewed germination; return of a morbid process or growth. [L. re-, again, + pullulo, pp. -atus, to sprout]
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1. The act of repelling or driving apart, in contrast to attraction. 2. Strong dislike; aversion; repugnance. 3. Coupling phase of genes at linked loci that are borne on opposite chromosomes. See coupling phase. [L. re-pello, pp. -pulsus, to drive back]
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1. Something needed. 2. A condition.
minimum protein r. the age-dependent amount of protein required daily in the diet.
quantum r. the number of quanta of light absorbed required for the transformation of one molecule; the inverse of the quantum yield.
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Abbreviation for reticuloendothelial system.
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A blue compound, 7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide, used as a redox indicator in the reductase test of milk and also as a pH indicator (orange at 3.8, violet at 6.5).
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3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid ester of methyl reserpate; a purified ester alkaloid of the alseroxylon fraction of species of Rauwolfia; chemically and pharmacologically related to reserpine, with similar uses.
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1. To cut off, especially to cut off the articular ends of one or both bones forming a joint. 2. To excise a segment of a part. [L. re-seco, pp. sectus, to cut off]
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Amenable to resection.
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1. Removal of articular ends of one or both bones forming a joint. 2. excision (1)
gum r. gingivectomy
loop r. loop excision
Miles r. Miles' operation
muscle r. shortening of the tendon of the ocular muscle in strabismus.
Reichel-Pólya stomach r. retrocolic anastomosis of the full circumference of the open stomach to the jejunum.
root r. apicoectomy
scleral r. shortening of the outer coat of the eye in retinal separation.
transurethral r. endoscopic removal of the prostate gland or bladder lesions, usually for relief of prostatic obstruction or treatment of bladder malignancies.
wedge r. removal of a wedge-shaped portion of the ovary; used in the treatment of virilizing disorders of ovarian origin, such as the polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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A special endoscopic instrument for the transurethral electrosurgical removal of lesions involving the bladder, prostate gland, or urethra.
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An ester alkaloid isolated from the root of certain species of Rauwolfia; it decreases the 5-hydroxytryptamine and catecholamine concentrations in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues; used in conjunction with other hypotensive agents in the management of essential hypertension and is useful as a tranquilizer in psychotic states.
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Something available but held back for later use, as strength or carbohydrates. [L. re-servo, to keep back, reserve]
alkali r. the sum total of the basic ions (mainly bicarbonates) of the blood and other body fluids which, acting as buffers, maintain the normal pH of the blood.
breathing r. the difference between the pulmonary ventilation (i.e., the volume of air breathed under ordinary resting conditions) and the maximum breathing capacity.
cardiac r. the work which the heart is able to perform beyond that required under the ordinary circumstances of daily life, depending upon the state of the myocardium and the degree to which, within physiologic limits, the cardiac muscle fibers can be stretched by the volume of blood reaching the heart during diastole.
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receptaculum [Fr.]
r. of infection living or nonliving material in or on which an infectious agent multiplies and/or develops and is dependent for its survival in nature.
Ommaya r. a plastic container placed in the subgaleal space which is connected to the lateral ventricle by tubing; it is used to instill medication into, or remove fluid from, the ventricle.
Pecquet's r. cisterna chyli
r. of spermatozoa the site where spermatozoa are stored; the distal portion of the tail of the epididymis and the beginning of the ductus deferens.
vitelline r. vitellarium
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Reset of the sinoatrial node produced by premature depolarization (usually atrial) when the sum of the duration of the premature cycle and the return cycle is less than twice the spontaneous cycle length. Cf. nonreset nodus sinuatrialis.
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A house officer attached to a hospital for clinical training; formerly, one who actually resided in the hospital.resident physician; [L. resideo, to reside]
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Plural of residuum.
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Relating to or of the nature of a residue.
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That which remains after removal of one or more substances.residuum; [L. residuum]
day r. psychoanalytic term for a dream related to an experience of the previous day.
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residue [L. ntr. of residuus, left behind, remaining, fr. re- sideo, to sit back, remain behind]
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1. Energy (per unit of volume) released upon unloading. 2. Springiness or elasticity. [L. resilio, to spring back, rebound]
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1. An amorphous brittle substance consisting of the hardened secretion of a number of plants, probably derived from a volatile oil and similar to a stearoptene. 2. rosin 3. A precipitate formed by the addition of water to certain tinctures. 4. A broad term used to indicate organic substances insoluble in water; these monomers are named according to their chemical composition, physical structure, and means for activation or curing, e.g., acrylic r., autopolymer r. [L. resina]
acrylic r. a general term applied to a resinous material of the various esters of acrylic acid; used as a denture base material, for other dental restorations, and for trays.
activated r. autopolymer r
anion-exchange r. See anion exchange, anion exchanger.
autopolymer r. , autopolymerizing r. any r. that can be polymerized by chemical catalysis rather than by the application of heat; used in dentistry for dental restoration, denture repair, and impression trays.activated r., cold cure r., cold-curing r., quick cure r., self-curing r;
carbacrylamine r.'s a mixture of the cation-exchange r.'s, carbacrylic r. and potassium carbacrylic r. (87.5%) and of the anion-exchange r., polyamine-methylene r. (12.5%), used to increase the fecal excretion of sodium in edema associated with excessive sodium retention by the kidneys, e.g., in congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and nephrosis.
cation-exchange r. See cation exchange, cation exchanger.
chemically cured r. a r. which contains an initiator, usually benzoyl peroxide, and an activator, usually a tertiary amine, in separate pastes. When mixed, the amine reacts with the benzoyl peroxide to form free radicals and polymerization occurs.
cholestyramine r. a strongly basic anion-exchange r. in the chloride form, consisting of a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene with quaternary ammonium functional groups; it lowers the blood cholesterol by binding the bile acids in the intestine, thus promoting their excretion in the feces instead of reabsorption from the bowel; used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis, and other forms of xanthomatosis.
cold cure r. , cold-curing r. autopolymer r
composite r. a synthetic r. usually acrylic based, to which a glass or natural silica filter has been added. Used mainly in dental restorative procedures. [L. compositus, put together, fr. compono, to put together]
copolymer r. synthetic r. produced by joint polymerization of two or more different monomers or polymers.
cross-linked r. cross-linked polymer
direct filling r. an autopolymerizing r. especially designed as a dental restorative material.
dual-cure r. a r. which utilizes both light and chemical initiation to activate polymerization.
epoxy r. any thermosetting r. based on the reactivity of epoxy; used as adhesives, protective coatings, and embedding media for electron microscopy.
gum r. the dry exudate from a number of plants, consisting of a mixture of a gum and a r., the former soluble in water but not alcohol, the latter soluble in alcohol but not water.
heat-curing r. r. that requires heat to initiate polymerization.
Indian podophyllum r. r. obtained from Podophyllum emodi; a cathartic and cholagogue.
ion-exchange r. See ion exchange, ion exchanger.
ipomea r. r. obtained from the dried root of Ipomoea orizabensis; a cathartic. See also scammony.
jalap r. r. extracted from the dried tuberous root of Exogonium purga; a purgative.
light-activated r. light-cured r
light-cured r. a r. which uses visible or ultraviolet light to excite a photoinitiator which interacts with an amine to form free radicals and initiate polymerization. Used mainly in restorative dentistry.light-activated r;
melamine r. a plastic material mixed with plaster of Paris for casts. Such a cast is lighter and stronger than one made with plaster of Paris alone.melamine formaldehyde;
methacrylate r. polymerized methacrylic acid;a translucent plastic material, used for the manufacture of various medical appliances, surgical instruments, and seating components used in total joint replacement; it possesses the optical properties of fused quartz, and is readily molded when heated; formerly used in electron microscopy for embedding tissues, now superseded by epoxy r.'s.
Podophyllum r. a r. extracted from the dried roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum peltatum, a perennial herb common in moist, shady situations in the eastern parts of Canada and the United States. The drug has been used by American Indians as a vermifuge and emetic. The chief constituents of the r. belong to the group of lignins, which are Cl18 compounds related biosynthetically to the flavonoids and derived by dimerization of two C6-C3 units. The most important ones present in podophyllum r. are podophyllotoxin (about 20%), beta-peltatin (about 10%) and a-peltatin (about 5%). All three occur both free and as glucosides. The r. has been used as a purgative but has been replaced by milder agents. It is cytotoxic and used as a paint in the treatment of soft venereal and other warts.
podophyllum r. a mixture of r.'s obtained from the dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum or P. hexandrum; used as a laxative.May apple root, podophyllin, wild mandrake;
polyamine-methylene r. a synthetic acid-binding r. used as a gastric antacid.
polyester r. r. in which the polymers are insoluble in most organic solvents and are polymerized by light, heat, or oxygen; used in electron microscopy as a tissue embedding medium.
quick cure r. autopolymer r
quinine carbacrylic r. azuresin
self-curing r. autopolymer r
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A class of organic compounds derived from various natural plant resins; diterpenes containing a phenanthrene ring system; e.g., abietic acid, pimaric acid, ester gums.resinic acids;
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Salts or esters of resin acids.
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Esters of resin acids.
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resin acids
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1. A substance containing a resin or resembling one. 2. An extract obtained by evaporating a tincture. 3. Resembling rosin.
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Resin alcohols.
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Relating to or derived from a resin.
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1. A passive force exerted in opposition to another active force. 2. The opposition in a conductor to the passage of a current of electricity, whereby there is a loss of energy and a production of heat; specifically, the potential difference in volts across the conductor per ampere of current flow; unit: ohm. Cf. impedance (1). 3. The opposition to flow of a fluid through one or more passageways (e.g., blood flow, respiratory gases in the tracheobronchial tree), analogous to (2); units are usually those of pressure difference per unit flow. Cf. impedance (2). 4. In psychoanalysis, an individual's unconscious defense against bringing repressed thoughts to consciousness. 5. The ability of red blood cells to resist hemolysis and to preserve their shape under varying degrees of osmotic pressure in the blood plasma. 6. The natural or acquired ability of an organism to maintain its immunity to or to resist the effects of an antagonistic agent, e.g., pathogenic microorganism, toxin, drug. [L. re-sisto, to stand back, withstand]
airway r. in physiology, the r. to flow of gases during ventilation due to obstruction or turbulent flow in the upper and lower airways; to be differentiated during inhalation from r. to inflation due to decreases in pulmonary or thoracic compliance.
bacteriophage r. r. of a bacterial mutant to infection by a bacteriophage to which the parent (wild type) strain is susceptible.
dicumarol r. a well-defined autosomal dominant resistance to it, over and above general variability in tolerance to the drug.
drug r. the capacity of disease-causing pathogens to withstand drugs previously toxic to them; achieved by spontaneous mutation or through selective pressure after exposure to the drug in question.Overprescription of antibiotics has contributed to the development of resistant strains as has massive dosing of food animals, generally through antibiotic-laced feed. (Resistant strains are then passed to humans by unsanitary kitchen practices or insufficient cooking.) Drug resistance has become a problem facing clinicians worldwide. Numerous strains of bacteria and parasites have developed resistance, including those causing bacterial pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae), malaria (Plasmodium falciparum), tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae). Resistant strains of streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria have become prevalent in the U.S., particularly among children. Especially worrisome to public health officials is the spread of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis since the mid-1980s. Throughout Southeast Asia, China, and Haiti, about 5% (and in places as many as 20%) of Mycobacterium strains are suspected to have developed resistance. In Miami and New York City, HIV patients have presented with tuberculosis that fails to respond to treatment with a single drug. Currently, a four-drug regimen is advised (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol), along with close monitoring to ensure that patients complete the therapy, since failure of previous patients to do so appears to be the principal manner in which resistant strains have arisen.
expiratory r. r. to flow of gas out of the lungs or the total r. to flow of gas during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle.
impact r. the ability of a lens for eyewear to withstand impact without shattering or breaking, i.e., of a 3 / 8 -inch steel ball dropped 50 feet; criteria for determination of impact r. are specified by U.S. regulations.
inductive r. reactance
insulin r. diminished effectiveness of insulin in lowering blood sugar levels; arbitrarily defined as requiring 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent hyperglycemia or ketosis; usually due to insulin binding by antibodies, but abnormalities in insulin receptors on cell surfaces also occur; associated with obesity, ketoacidosis, infection, and certain rare conditions.
multidrug r. the insensitivity of various tumors to a variety of chemically related anticancer drugs; mediated by a process of inactivating the drug or removing it from the target tumor cells.
mutual r. antagonism
peripheral r. total peripheral r
synaptic r. the ease or difficulty with which a nerve impulse can cross a synapse.
systemic vascular r. an index of arteriolar compliance or constriction throughout the body; equal to the blood pressure divided by the cardiac output.
thyrotropin r. an autosomal recessive disorder in which the thyrocytes are unresponsive to thyrotropin. Cf. pseudohypoparathyroidism.
total peripheral r. (TPR) the total r. to flow of blood in the systemic circuit; the quotient produced by dividing the mean arterial pressure by the cardiac minute-volume.peripheral r;
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A measure of a material's resistance to the passage of electrical current; the reciprocal of conductivity. [L. re-sito, to withstand]
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An element included in an electrical circuit to provide resistance to the flow of current.
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1. The arrest of an inflammatory process without suppuration; the absorption or breaking down and removal of the products of inflammation or of a new growth. See line pairs, under pair. 2. The optical ability to distinguish detail such as the separation of closely adjacent objects.resolving power (3); [L. resolutio, a slackening, fr. re-solvo, pp. -solutus, to loosen, relax]
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A gene encoded by a transposon that can catalyze a second stage of transposition as well as participate in the regulation of its own expression. [resolve + -ase]
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To return or cause to return to the normal, particularly without suppuration, said of a phlegmon or other form of inflammation. [L. resolvo, to loosen]
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1. Causing resolution. 2. An agent that arrests an inflammatory process or causes the absorption of a neoplasm.
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1. Sympathetic or forced vibration of air in the cavities above, below, in front of, or behind a source of sound; in speech, modification of the quality (e.g., tone) of a sound by the passage of air through the chambers of the nose, pharynx, and head, without increasing the intensity of the sound. 2. The sound obtained on percussing a part that can vibrate freely. 3. The intensification and hollow character of the voice sound obtained on auscultating over a cavity. 4. In chemistry, the manner in which electrons or electric charges are distributed among the atoms in compounds that are planar and symmetrical, particularly those with conjugated (alternating) double bonds; the existence of r. in the latter case lowers the energy content and increases the stability of a compound. 5. The natural or inherent frequency of any oscillating system. 6. resonant frequency [L. resonantia, echo, fr. re-sono, to resound, to echo]
amphoric r. a percussion sound, like that produced by striking a large empty bottle, obtained by percussing over a pulmonary cavity.cavernous r;
bandbox r. vesiculotympanitic r
bellmetal r. in cases of a large pulmonary cavity or of pneumothorax, a clear metallic sound obtained by striking a coin, held against the chest, by another coin, or by flicking the chest wall with one's fingernail; the sound is heard on auscultating the chest wall on the same side anteroposteriorly.anvil sound, bell sound, coin test;
cavernous r. amphoric r
cracked-pot r. a peculiar sound, resembling that heard on striking a cracked pot, elicited on percussing over a pulmonary cavity that commmunicates with a bronchial tube, when the patient's mouth is open.cracked-pot sound;
electron paramagnetic r. (EPR) electron spin r
electron spin r. (ESR) a spectrometric method, based on measurement of electron spins and magnetic moments, for detecting and estimating free radicals in reactions and in biological systems.electron paramagnetic r;
hydatid r. a peculiar vibratile r. heard on auscultatory percussion over a hydatid cyst.
nuclear magnetic r. (NMR) the phenomenon in which certain atomic nuclei possessing a magnetic moment will precess around the axis of a strong external magnetic field, the frequency of precession (Larmor frequency) being specific for each nucleus and the strength of the magnetic field; spinning nuclei induce their own oscillating magnetic fields and therefore emit electromagnetic radiation that can produce a detectable signal at the Larmor frequency. NMR is used as a method of identifying covalent bonds and is applied clinically in magnetic resonance imaging.
skodaic r. a peculiar, high-pitched sound, less musical than that obtained over a cavity, elicited by percussion just above the level of a pleuritic effusion.Skoda's sign, Skoda's tympany;
tympanitic r. tympany
vesicular r. the sound obtained on percussing over the normal lungs.
vesiculotympanitic r. a peculiar, partly tympanitic, partly vesicular sound, obtained on percussion in cases of pulmonary emphysema.bandbox r., wooden r;
vocal r. (VR) the voice sounds as heard on auscultation of the chest.
wooden r. vesiculotympanitic r
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A device for employing inductance to create an electrical current of very high potential and small volume.
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To reabsorb; to absorb what has been excreted, as an exudate or pus. [L. re-sorbeo, to suck back]
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resorcinol
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m-dihydroxybenzene; 1,3-benzenediol;used internally for the relief of nausea, asthma, whooping cough, and diarrhea, but chiefly as an external antiseptic in psoriasis, eczema, seborrhea, and ringworm; pyrocatechol and hydroquinone are isomers of r.resorcin;
r. monoacetate used externally in the treatment of acne, sycosis, and seborrhea.
r. phthalic anhydride fluorescein
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fluorescein
r. sodium fluorescein sodium
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1. The act of resorbing. 2. A loss of substance by lysis, or by physiologic or pathologic means.
bone r. the removal of osseous tissue.
gingival r. gingival recession
horizontal r. horizontal atrophy
internal r. a loss of tooth structure originating within the pulp cavity.
ridge r. a loss in the volume and size of the alveolar portion of the mandible or maxilla.
root r. dissolution of the root of a tooth; either external, with loss or blunting of the apical portion, or internal, with loss of dentin from the inside (pulpal) part of the root area.
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Capable of being breathed.
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1. A fundamental process of life, characteristic of both plants and animals, in which oxygen is used to oxidize organic fuel molecules, providing a source of energy as well as carbon dioxide and water. In green plants, photosynthesis is not considered r. 2. ventilation (2) [L. respiratio, fr. re-spiro, pp. -atus, to exhale, breathe]
abdominal r. breathing effected mainly by the action of the diaphragm.
aerobic r. a form of r. in which molecular oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide and water are produced.
amphoric r. a sound like that made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle, heard on auscultation in some cases in which a large pulmonary cavity exists, or occasionally in pneumothorax.
anaerobic r. a form of r. in which molecular oxygen is not consumed; e.g., nitrate r., sulfate r.
artificial r. artificial ventilation
assisted r. assisted ventilation
Biot's r. abrupt, irregular alternating periods of apnea with constant rate and depth of breathing, as that resulting from lesions due to increased intracranial pressure.ataxic breathing, Biot's breathing, respiratory ataxia;
Biot's r. completely irregular breathing pattern, with continually variable rate and depth of breathing; results from lesions in the respiratory centers in the brainstem, extending from the dorsomedial medulla caudally to the obex.
bronchial r. a tubular blowing sound caused by the passage of air through a bronchus in an area of consolidated lung tissue.
bronchovesicular r. combined bronchial and vesicular r.
cavernous r. a hollow reverberating sound heard on auscultation over a cavity in the lung.
Cheyne-Stokes r. the pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea; the cycles ordinarily are 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration, with 5 to 30 seconds of apnea; seen with bilateral deep febrile hemisphere lesions, with metabolic encephalopathy and, characteristically in coma from affection of the nervous centers of respiration.
cogwheel r. the inspiratory sound being broken into two or three by silent intervals.interrupted r., jerky r;
controlled r. controlled ventilation
costal r. thoracic r
diffusion r. maintenance of oxygenation during apnea by intratracheal insufflation of oxygen at high flow rates.apneic oxygenation;
electrophrenic r. the rhythmical electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve by an electrode applied to the skin at the motor points of the phrenic nerve; it is used in paralysis of the respiratory center resulting from acute bulbar poliomyelitis.
external r. the exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs as distinguished from internal or tissue r.
forced r. voluntary hyperventilation.
internal r. tissue r
interrupted r. cogwheel r
jerky r. cogwheel r
Kussmaul r. deep, rapid r. characteristic of diabetic or other causes of acidosis.Kussmaul-Kien r;
Kussmaul-Kien r. Kussmaul r
labored r. difficult, usually deep, breathing in patients with cardiac or pulmonary disease or disease affecting nervous system control of ventilation.
mouth-to-mouth r. a method of artificial ventilation involving an overlap of the patient's mouth (and nose in small children) with the operator's mouth to inflate the patient's lungs by blowing, followed by an unassisted expiratory phase brought about by elastic recoil of the patient's chest and lungs; repeated 12 to 16 times a minute; where the nose is not covered by the operator's mouth, the nostrils must be closed by pinching.
nitrate r. the process of r. used by some anaerobic organisms, in which nitrate rather than molecular oxygen is used to oxidize organic molecules to obtain energy.
paradoxical r. deflation of the lung during inspiration and inflation of the lung during the phase of expiration; seen in the lung on the side of an open pneumothorax.
puerile r. an exaggeration of the normal respiratory sounds, heard in children and in adults after exertion.
stertorous r. harsh, noisy breathing usually heard in an comatous patient.stertorous breathing;
sulfate r. the process of r. used by some anaerobic organisms, in which sulfate rather than molecular oxygen is used to oxidize organic molecules to obtain energy.
thoracic r. r. effected chiefly by the action of the intercostal and other muscles that raise the ribs, causing expansion of the chest.costal r;
tissue r. the interchange of gases between the blood and the tissues.internal r;
tubular r. high-pitched bronchial r.
vesicular r. the respiratory murmur heard on auscultating over the normal lung.respiratory murmur, vesicular murmur;
vesiculocavernous r. cavernous r., due to the presence of a cavity, mingled with the vesicular murmur of the surrounding normal lung tissue.
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1. An appliance fitting over the mouth and nose, used for the purpose of excluding dust, smoke, or other irritants, or of otherwise altering the air before it enters the respiratory passages.inhaler (1); 2. An apparatus for administering artificial respiration, especially for a prolonged period, in cases of paralysis or inadequate spontaneous ventilation.
cuirass r. one of several types of r.'s producing alternating negative pressure about the thoracic cage; now rarely used.
Drinker r. a mechanical r. in which the body except the head is encased within a metal tank, which is sealed at the neck with an airtight gasket; artificial respiration is induced by making the air pressure inside negative.iron lung, tank r;
pressure-controlled r. a r. that provides a predetermined pressure to gases during inhalation, the volume of gas moved being variable, depending upon resistance.
tank r. Drinker r
volume-controlled r. a r. that provides a predetermined volume of gases during inhalation, with the pressure required to move that volume remaining variable, depending upon resistance.
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Relating to respiration.
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1. To breathe. 2. To consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide by metabolism. [L. respiro, to breathe]
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1. An instrument for measuring the extent of the respiratory movements. 2. An instrument for measuring oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production, usually of an isolated tissue. [L. respiro, to breathe, + G. metron, measure]
Dräger r. an inferential meter to measure tidal and minute volume from the number of revolutions of a vane rotated by the gas stream as the latter passes through two lightweight lozenge-shaped meshing rotors.
Wright r. an inferential meter to measure tidal and minute volume from the number of revolutions of a vane rotated by the gas stream as the latter passes through 10 tangential slots in a cylindrical stator ring to turn a flat two-bladed rotor.
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1. The reaction of a muscle, nerve, gland, or other excitable tissue to a stimulus. 2. Any act or behavior, or its constituents, that a living organism is capable of emitting. Reflexes are usually excluded because they are typically elicited by a specifiable (unconditioned or natural) stimulus rather than emitted under circumstances in which the stimulus was not specifiable. [L. responsus, an answer]
anamnestic r. (an´am-nes-tik) secondary immune r See immune r.
biphasic r. 1. two separate and distinct responses that are separated in time; 2. immediate reaction to an antigenic challenge followed by a recurrence of symptoms after an interval of quiescence.
booster r. secondary immune r See immune r.
conditioned r. a r. already in an individual's repertoire but which, through repeated pairings with its natural stimulus, has been acquired or conditioned anew to a previously neutral or conditioned stimulus. See conditioning. Cf. unconditioned r.
Cushing r. Cushing phenomenon
depletion r. subnormal metabolic r. to trauma in a person whose physiologic processes are already depressed by disease.
early-phase r. prompt onset of symptoms following an antigenic stimulus.
evoked r. an alteration in the electrical activity of a region of the nervous system through which an incoming sensory stimulus is passing; may be somatosensory (SER), auditory (BAER), or visual (VER). See also evoked potential.
flight or fight r. See emergency theory.
galvanic skin r. (GSR) a measure of changes in emotional arousal recorded by attaching electrodes to any part of the skin and recording changes in moment-to-moment perspiration and related autonomic nervous system activity.galvanic skin reaction, galvanic skin reflex, psychogalvanic reaction, psychogalvanic skin reaction, psychogalvanic reflex, psychogalvanic skin reflex, psychogalvanic r., psychogalvanic skin r;
Henry-Gauer r. inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion due to a rise in atrial pressure which stimulates atrial stretch receptors.
immune r. 1. any r. of the immune system to an antigen including antibody production and/or cell-mediated immunity; 2. the r. of the immune system to an antigen (immunogen) that leads to the condition of induced sensitivity; the immune r. to the initial antigenic exposure (primary immune r.) is detectable, as a rule, only after a lag period of from several days to two weeks; the immune r. to a subsequent stimulus (secondary immune r.) by the same antigen is more rapid than in the case of the primary immune r.
isomorphic r. Köbner's phenomenon
late-phase r. recurrence of symptoms after an appreciable interval following challenge with an antigen; preceded by an initial early-phase r.
oculomotor r. widespread myogenic potential evoked by visual stimuli.
orienting r. orienting reflex
primary immune r. See immune r.
psychogalvanic r. (PGR) , psychogalvanic skin r. galvanic skin r
recruiting r. recruitment (2)
relaxation r. an integrated hypothalamic reaction resulting in decreased sympathetic nervous system activity which, physiologically and psychologically, is almost a mirror image of the body's r.'s to Cannon's emergency theory (flight or fight r.); can be self-induced through the use of techniques associated with transcendental meditation, yoga, and biofeedback. See also emergency theory.
secondary immune r. anamnestic r., booster r; See immune r.
sonomotor r. widespread myogenic potential evoked by click stimulation.
stringent r. the cellular response to amino acid starvation that reduces the amount of ribosomes to what can be employed under the nutrient conditions.
target r. operant
triple r. the triphasic r. to the firm stroking of the skin: Phase 1 is the sharply demarcated erythema that follows a momentary blanching of the skin, and is the result of release of histamine from the mast cells. Phase 2 is the intense red flare extending beyond the margins of the line of pressure but in the same configuration, and is the result of arteriolar dilation; also called axon flare because it is mediated by axon reflex. Phase 3 is the appearance of a line wheal in the configuration of the original stroking.
unconditioned r. a r., such as salivation, which is a part of the animal or human repertoire. Cf. conditioned r.
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1. Quiet; repose. [A.S. raest] 2. To repose; to cease from work. [A.S. raestan] 3. A group of cells or a portion of fetal tissue that has become displaced and lies embedded in tissue of another character. [L. restare, to remain] 4. In dentistry, an extension from a prosthesis that affords vertical support for a restoration.
adrenal r. accessory adrenal
bed r. maintenance of the recumbent position, in bed, to minimize activity and help recovery from disease; formerly used extensively in treatment of tuberculosis, myocardial infarction, and other diseases.
cingulum r. the rigid part of a removable partial denture supported by a prepared r. area on the cingulum of an anterior tooth or crown.
incisal r. the portion of a removable partial denture supported by an incisal edge.
lingual r. a metallic extension onto the lingual surface of a tooth to provide support or indirect retention for a removable partial denture.
Malassez' epithelial r.'s epithelial remains of Hertwig's root sheath in the periodontal ligament.
Marchand's r. Marchand's adrenals, under adrenal
mesonephric r. wolffian r
occlusal r. a rigid extension of a removable partial denture onto the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth for support of the prosthesis.
precision r. a r. consisting of closely interlocking parts.
r.'s of Serres remnants of dental lamina epithelium entrapped within the gingiva.
Walthard's cell r. a nest of epithelial cells occurring in the peritoneum of the uterine tubes or ovary; when neoplastic, possibly comprising one of the components of the Brenner tumor.
wolffian r. remnants of the wolffian duct in the female genital tract that give rise to cysts; e.g., Gartner's cyst.mesonephric r;
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Recurrence of stenosis after corrective surgery on the heart valve; narrowing of a structure (usually a coronary artery) following the removal or reduction of a previous narrowing. [re-, + G. stenosis, a narrowing]
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Ropelike; rope-shaped; referring to the restiform body, the larger (lateral) part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle; contains fibers from the spinal cord (spinocerebellar) and medulla (cuneo-, olivo-, reticulocerebellar, etc.) to cerebellum. [L. restis, rope, + forma, form]
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The part of the T cell receptor that associates with the class II major histocompatibility molecule. [restriction + -tope]
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In obstetrics, the return of the rotated head of the fetus to its natural relation with the shoulders after its emergence from the vulva. [L. restitutio, act of restoring]
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In dentistry: 1. A prosthetic r. or appliance; a broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge, partial denture, or complete denture which restores or replaces lost tooth structure, teeth, or oral tissues. 2. A plug or stopping; any substance such as gold, amalgam, etc., used for restoring the portion missing from a tooth as a result of removing decay in the tooth. [L. restauro, pp. -atus, to restore, to repair]
acid-etched r. the r. of tooth structure with a resin after the surface of the tooth has been treated with an acid solution that etches the tooth surface, thereby increasing retention of the r.
combination r. a tooth r. of two or more materials applied in layers.
compound r. a r. of more than one surface of a tooth.
direct acrylic r. a direct resin r. of autopolymerizing acrylic.
direct composite resin r. direct resin r
direct resin r. a direct r. made by inserting a plastic mix of auto or light-polymerized resins in a cavity prepared in a tooth.direct composite resin r;
overhanging r. a r. with excessive material at the junction of the r. margin and the tooth.
permanent r. a definitive r., in contradistinction to a temporary or provisional r.
root canal r. a gutta-percha, silver, or plastic cone that has been carried into a root canal, either alone or in conjunction with a cement, paste, or solvent, for the purpose of obturating the canal space.
silicate r.'s r.'s of lost tooth structure made with silicate cement.
temporary r. a r. to be used for a limited period of time, in contradistinction to a permanent r.
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1. Renewing health and strength. 2. An agent that promotes a renewal of health or strength. [L. restauro, to restore]
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In hospital psychiatry, intervention to prevent an excited or violent patient from doing harm to himself or others; may involve the use of a camisole (straightjacket). [O. Fr. restrainte]
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1. The process with which foreign DNA that has been introduced into a prokaryotic cell becomes ineffective. 2. A limitation.
lactase r. an inherited trait in which there is low lactase activity and thus there is defective lactose intestinal metabolism. Cf. lactase persistence.
MHC r. T helper cells recognize an antigen that is presented with class II major histocompatibility antigens while T cytotoxic cells usually only recognize a processed antigen in conjunction with class I major histocompatibility antigens.
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To perform resuscitation. [L. re-suscito, to raise up again, revive]
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Revival from potential or apparent death. [L. resuscitatio]
cardiopulmonary r. (CPR) restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation following cardiac arrest and apnea, using artificial respiration and manual closed chest compression or open chest cardiac massage.
mouth-to-mouth r. mouth-to-mouth respiration employed as part of emergency cardiopulmonary r.
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Obsolete term for an apparatus that forces gas (usually O2) into lungs to produce artificial ventilation.
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Any type of clasp, attachment, or device used for the fixation or stabilization of a prosthesis; an appliance used to prevent the shifting of teeth following orthodontic treatment.
continuous bar r. a metal bar, usually resting on lingual surfaces of teeth, to aid in their stabilization and to act as indirect r.'s.continuous clasp;
direct r. a clasp or attachment applied to an abutment tooth for the purpose of maintaining a removable appliance in position.
extracoronal r. a r. that depends upon contact with the outer circumference of the crown of a tooth for its retentive qualities.
Hawley r. a removable wire and acrylic palatal appliance used to retain or stabilize the teeth in their new position following orthodontic tooth movement; with modifications it can be used to move teeth as an active orthodontic appliance.Hawley appliance;
indirect r. a part of a removable partial denture which assists the direct r.'s in preventing occlusal displacement of the distal extension bases by functioning through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum line.
intracoronal r. a r. that depends upon components placed within the crown portion of a tooth for its retentive qualities.
matrix r. a mechanical device designed to hold a matrix around a tooth during restorative procedures, usually by engaging the ends of the matrix band and drawing the band tight.
space r. space maintainer
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A mildly pejorative term, which is decreasing in usage, for a person who has mental retardation. [L. retardo, to delay, hinder]
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Slowness or limitation of development.
mental r. subaverage general intellectual functioning that originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. The American Association on Mental Deficiency lists eight medical classifications and five psychological classifications; the latter five replace the three former classifications of moron, imbecile, and idiot. Mental r. classification requires assignment of an index for performance relative to a person's peers on two interrelated criteria: measured intelligence (IQ) and overall socio-adaptive behavior (a judgmental rating of the individual's relative level of performance in school, at work, at home, and in the community). In general an IQ of 70 or below indicates mental retardation. (mild = 50/55-70; moderate= 35/40-50/55; severe = 20/25-35/40; profound = below 20/25); an IQ of 70-85 signifies borderline intellectual functioning.amentia (1), mental deficiency, oligophrenia;
psychomotor r. slowed psychic activity or motor activity, or both.
viscoelastic r. a technique for the measurement of the molecular weight of large DNA molecules; the DNA is stretched by hydrodynamic shear forces and, when the molecules relax, the relaxation time is measured.
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An agent used to slow the chemical hardening of gypsum, resins, or impression materials used in dentistry.
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To make an involuntary effort to vomit. [A.S. hraecan, to hawk]
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Gastric and esophageal movements of vomiting without expulsion of vomitus.dry vomiting, vomiturition;
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1. network (1) 2. A structure composed of a fibrous network or mesh. [L. a net]
r. acromia´le [NA] acromial arterial network
r. arterio´sum [NA] arteriolar network
r. articula´re cu´biti [NA] articular vascular network of elbow
r. articula´re ge´nus [NA] articular vascular network of knee
r. calca´neum [NA] calcaneal arterial network
r. cana´lis hypoglos´si venous plexus of hypoglossal canal
r. car´pi dorsa´le [NA] dorsal carpal network
r. car´pi poste´rius dorsal carpal network
r. cuta´neum co´rii the network of vessels parallel to the surface between the corium and the tela subcutanea.
r. foram´inis ova´lis venous plexus of foramen ovale
Haller's r. , r. hal´leri r. testis
r. malleola´re latera´le [NA] lateral malleolar network
r. malleola´re media´le [NA] medial malleolar network
malpighian r. malpighian stratum
r. mirab´ile [NA] a vascular network interrupting the continuity of an artery or vein, such as occurs in the glomeruli of the kidney (arterial) or in the liver (venous).
r. ova´rii a transient network of cells in the developing ovary; homologous to the r. testis.
r. patel´lae [NA] patellar network
r. subpapilla´re the network of vessels between the papillary and reticular strata of the corium.
r. tes´tis [NA] the network of canals at the termination of the straight tubules in the mediastinum testis.Haller's r., r. halleri;
r. vasculosum articula´re [NA] articular vascular network
r. veno´sum dorsa´le ma´nus [NA] dorsal venous network of hand
r. veno´sum dorsa´le pe´dis [NA] dorsal venous network of foot
r. veno´sum planta´re [NA] plantar venous network
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1. The keeping in the body of what normally belongs there, especially the retaining of food and drink in the stomach. 2. The keeping in the body of what normally should be discharged, as urine or feces. 3. Retaining that which has been learned so that it can be utilized later as in recall, recognition, or, if r. is partial, relearning. See also memory. 4. Resistance to dislodgement. 5. In dentistry, a passive period following treatment when a patient is wearing an appliance or appliances to maintain or stabilize the teeth in the new position into which they have been moved. [L. retentio, a holding back]
denture r. the means by which dentures are held in position in the mouth.
direct r. r. obtained in a removable partial denture by the use of attachments or clasps which resist their removal from the abutment teeth.
indirect r. r. obtained in a removable partial denture through the use of indirect retainers.
partial denture r. the fixation of a removable partial denture by the use of clasps, indirect retainers, or precision attachments.
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Plural of rete. [L.]
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Relating to a rete.
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See reticulo-.
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Plural of reticulum. [L.]
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Relating to a reticulum.
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The presence or formation of a reticulum or network, such as that observed in the red blood cells during active regeneration of blood. Also used to describe a chest radiographic pattern. See reticulonodular pattern.
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Name given to the chemical substance of reticular fibers, which once were thought to be distinct from collagen by reason of their distinctive structure and staining properties but are now regarded as type III collagen (with its associated proteoglygans and structural glycoproteins).
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Inflammation of the reticulum of ruminant animals. [reticul- + G. -itis, inflammation]
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Reticulum; reticular. [L. reticulum, a small net, dim. of rete, a net]
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A young red blood cell with a network of precipitated basophilic substance representing residual polyribosomes, and occurring during the process of active blood regeneration. See also erythroblast.reticulated corpuscle, skein cell; [reticulo- + G. kytos, cell]
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Paucity of reticulocytes in the blood.reticulopenia; [reticulocyte + G. penia, poverty]
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An increase in the number of circulating reticulocytes above the normal, which is less than 1% of the total number of red blood cells; it occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain anemias, especially congenital hemolytic anemia. [reticulocyte + G. osis, condition]
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Denoting or referring to reticuloendothelium.
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Obsolete term for a localized reticulosis, or neoplasm derived from reticuloendothelial tissue. [reticuloendothelium + G. -oma, tumor]
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Obsolete term for proliferation of the reticuloendothelium in any of the organs or tissues. See also reticulosis. [reticuloendothelium + G. -osis, condition]
avian r. a leukosis-like disease of fowl caused by viruses of the avian type C retroviruses.
leukemic r. obsolete term for hairy cell leukemia.
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The cells making up the reticuloendothelial system. [reticulo- + endothelium]
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A solitary skin nodule composed of glycolipid-containing multinucleated large histiocytes; multiple lesions sometimes occur in association with arthritis. [reticulo- + histiocytoma]
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See reticulosis.
multicentric r. a rare disease in which cutaneous papules composed of histiocytes containing glycolipids are associated with polyarthritis, often leading to shortening of the fingers.
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1. Resembling a reticulosis. 2. A condition resembling reticulosis.
actinic r. chronic pruritic erythema beginning on sun-exposed areas in elderly males, with marked thickening and ridging of exposed skin simulating lymphoma; there is infiltration by atypical CD8-positive T lymphocytes. Occurs after several years.
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reticulocytopenia
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Inflammation of the reticulum and peritoneum of ruminant animals.
traumatic reticuloperitonitis traumatic gastritis
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1. An increase in histiocytes, monocytes, or other reticuloendothelial elements. 2. Obsolete term for lymphoma. [reticulo- + G. -osis, condition]
benign inoculation r. cat-scratch disease
histiocytic medullary r. obsolete term for histiocytic medullary r.
leukemic r. monocytic leukemia
lipomelanic r. dermatopathic lymphadenopathy
malignant midline r. obsolete term for polymorphic r.
midline malignant reticulosis r. lethal midline granuloma
pagetoid r. Woringer-Kolopp disease
polymorphic r. a necrotizing lymphoproliferative lesion with a predilection for the upper respiratory tract. Previously called lethal midline granuloma or malignant midline reticulosis. Treatment is irradiation.
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Pertaining to the reticulospinal tract.
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Production of lesions in the reticular formation. [reticulo- + G. tome, incision]
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1. A fine network formed by cells, or formed of certain structures within cells or of connective tissue fibers between cells. 2. neuroglia 3. The second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant, a comparatively small chamber communicating with the rumen; sometimes called the honeycomb because of the characteristic structure of its wall. [L. dim of rete, a net]
agranular endoplasmic r. endoplasmic r. that is lacking in ribosomal granules; involved in synthesis of complex lipids and fatty acids, detoxification of drugs, carbohydrate synthesis, and sequestering of Ca++.smooth-surfaced endoplasmic r;
Ebner's r. a network of nucleated cells in the seminiferous tubules.
endoplasmic r. (ER) the network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs (cisternae) with (rough ER) or without (smooth ER) ribosomes on the surface of their membranes in eukaryotes.endomembrane system;
Golgi internal r. Golgi apparatus
granular endoplasmic r. endoplasmic r. in which ribosomal granules are applied to the cytoplasmic surface of the cisternae; involved in the synthesis and secretion of protein via membrane-bound vesicles to the extracellular space.chromidial substance, ergastoplasm, rough-surfaced endoplasmic r;
Kölliker's r. neuroglia
rough-surfaced endoplasmic r. granular endoplasmic r
sarcoplasmic r. the endoplasmic r. of skeletal and cardiac muscle; the complex of vesicles, tubules, and cisternae forming a continuous structure around striated myofibrils, with a repetition of structure within each sarcomere.
smooth-surfaced endoplasmic r. agranular endoplasmic r
stellate r. a network of epithelial cells disposed in a fluid-filled compartment in the center of the enamel organ between the outer and inner enamel epithelium.
trabecular r. the network of fibers (pectinate ligaments) at the iridocorneal angle between the anterior chamber of the eye and the venous sinus of the sclera; it contains spaces between the fibers that are involved in drainage of the aqueous humor, and is composed of two portions: the corneoscleral part, the part attached to the sclera, and the uveal part, the part attached to the iris.r. trabeculare sclerae [NA], Gerlach's valvula, Hueck's ligament, ligamentum annulare bulbi, pectinate ligaments of iridocorneal angle, pillar of iris, trabecular meshwork, trabecular network, trabecular zone;
r. trabecula´re sclerae [NA] trabecular r
trans-Golgi r. that part of the Golgi apparatus that takes newly processed proteins and delivers them to secretory vesicles that will fuse with other biomembranes (e.g., the plasma membrane).
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Resembling a net or network. [L. rete, network]
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See retino-.
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Grossly, the r. consists of three parts: optic part of retina, ciliary part of retina, and iridial part of retina. The optic part, the physiologic portion that receives the visual light rays, is further divided into two parts, pigmented part (pigment epithelium) and nervous part, which are arranged in the following layers: 1) pigment epithelium; 2) layer of rods and cones; 3) external limiting lamina, actually a row of junctional complexes; 4) external nuclear lamina; 5) external plexiform lamina; 6) internal nuclear lamina; 7) internal plexiform lamina; 8) ganglionic cell lamina; 9) lamina of nerve fibers; 10) internal limiting lamina. Layers 2 through 10 comprise the nervous part. At the posterior pole of the visual axis is the macula, in the center of which is the fovea, the area of acute vision. Here layers 6, 7, 8, and 9 and blood vessels are absent, and only elongated cones are present. About 3 mm medial to the fovea is the optic disk, where axons of the ganglionic cells converge to form the optic nerve. The ciliary and iridial parts of the r. are forward prolongations of the pigmented layer and a layer of supporting columnar or epithelial cells over the ciliary body and the posterior surface of the iris, respectively.tunica interna bulbi [NA], nervous tunic of eyeball, optomeninx; [Mediev, L. prob. fr. L. rete, a net]
albedo r.'s obsolete term for a white area of the retina due to edema or infarction.
coarctate r. obsolete term for a ringlike effusion of fluid between the choroid and r., giving the latter a funnel shape.
detached r. retinal detachment
flecked r. an r. exhibiting fundus flavimaculatus, hereditary drusen, or fundus albipunctatus.
fleck r. of Kandori [MIM*228990] an autosomal-recessive disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium occurring among Japanese.
leopard r. tessellated fundus
shot-silk r. the appearance of numerous wavelike, glistening reflexes, like the shimmer of silk, observed sometimes in the r. of a young person.shot-silk phenomenon, shot-silk reflex;
tigroid r. tessellated fundus
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A frenum, or a retaining band or ligament. [L. a band, a halter, fr. retineo, to hold back]
antebrachial flexor r. thickening of distal antebrachial fascia just proximal to radiocarpal (wrist) joint. Continuous with extensor r. at margins of forearm. This structure is distinct from the transverse carpal ligament, commonly called "the flexor retinaculum," which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.flexor r. of forearm, palmar carpal ligament;
r. of articular capsule of hip one of several longitudinal folds of the articular capsule of the hip joint reflected onto the femoral neck deep to which the retinacular branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery pass to reach the femoral head.r. capsulae articularis coxae, Weitbrecht's fibers;
r. cap´sulae articula´ris cox´ae r. of articular capsule of hip
caudal r. fibrous bands, remnants of the notochord, that extend from the skin to the coccyx, forming the coccygeal foveola.r. caudale [NA], caudal ligament, ligamentum caudale;
r. cauda´le [NA] caudal r
r. cu´tis [NA] one of the numerous small fibrous strands that extend through the superficial fascia attaching the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia determining the mobility of the skin over the deep structures; these are particularly well developed over the breast where they are known as suspensory ligaments of the breast; they are also well-developed, but short, in the palms and soles.r. of skin;
extensor r. a strong fibrous band formed as a thickening of the antebrachial deep fascia, stretching obliquely across the back of the wrist, attaching deeply to ridges on the dorsal aspect of the radius, triquetral and pisiform bones, binding down the extensor tendons of the fingers and thumb.r. extensorum [NA], dorsal carpal ligament, ligamentum carpi dorsale;
retinacula of extensor muscles See inferior extensor r., superior extensor r.
r. extenso´rum [NA] extensor r
flexor r. transverse carpal ligament
flexor r. of forearm antebrachial flexor r
flexor r. of lower limb a wide band passing from the medial malleolus to the medial and upper border of the calcaneus and to the plantar surface as far as the navicular bone; it holds in place the tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.r. musculorum flexorum [NA], laciniate ligament, ligamentum laciniatum, r. of flexor muscles;
r. of flexor muscles flexor r. of lower limb
r. flexo´rum [NA] transverse carpal ligament
inferior extensor r. a Y-shaped ligament restraining the extensor tendons of the foot distal to the ankle joint.r. musculorum extensorum inferius [NA], cruciate ligament of leg, inferior r. of extensor muscles, ligamentum cruciatum cruris;
inferior r. of extensor muscles inferior extensor r
lateral patellar r. part of the aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle passing lateral to the patella to attach to the tibial tuberosity.r. patellae laterale [NA];
medial patellar r. part of the aponeurosis of the vastus medialis muscle passing medial to the patella to attach to the medial condyle of the tibia, forming the anteromedial aspect of the fibrous capsule of the knee joint.r. patellae mediale;
Morgagni's r. frenulum of ileocecal valve
r. musculo´rum extenso´rum infe´rius [NA] inferior extensor r
r. musculo´rum extenso´rum supe´rius [NA] superior extensor r
retinac´ula musculo´rum fibula´rium [NA] * official alternate term for peroneal r., peroneal r
r. musculo´rum flexo´rum [NA] flexor r. of lower limb
retinac´ula musculo´rum peroneo´rum [NA] peroneal r
retinacula of nail fibrous attachments of the nail-bed to the underlying phalanx.retinacula unguis [NA];
r. patel´lae latera´le [NA] lateral patellar r
r. patel´lae media´le medial patellar r
patellar r. extensions of the aponeuroses of the vasti medialis and lateralis muscles which pass on each side of the patella, attaching to the margins of the patella and patellar ligament anteriorly, the collateral ligaments posteriorly and the tibial condyles distally; form the anteromedial and (with the fibrous expansion of the iliotibial tract) the anteromedial portions of the fibrous capsule of the knee. See lateral patellar r., medial patellar r.
peroneal r. superior and inferior fibrous bands retaining the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis in position as they cross the lateral side of the ankle.retinacula musculorum peroneorum [NA], retinacula musculorum fibularium [NA], retinacula of peroneal muscles;
retinacula of peroneal muscles peroneal r
r. of skin r. cutis
superior extensor r. the ligament that binds down the extensor tendons proximal to the ankle joint; it is continuous with (a thickening of) the deep fascia of the leg.r. musculorum extensorum superius [NA], ligamentum transversum cruris, superior r. of extensor muscles, transverse crural ligament, transverse ligament of leg;
superior r. of extensor muscles superior extensor r
r. ten´dinum a ligamentous structure to restrain tendons, such as the flexor or extensor retinacula, or the annular parts of the digital fibrous sheaths.
retinac´ula un´guis [NA] retinacula of nail
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1. (ret´i-nal) Relating to the retina. 2. (ret´i-nal) retinaldehyde; most commonly referring to the all-trans form.
r. dehydrogenase an oxidoreductase catalyzing the interconversion of retinaldehyde and NAD+ to retinoic acid and NADH; thus affecting growth and differentiation.retinaldehyde dehydrogenase;
r. isomerase an isomerase that catalyzes the cis-trans-interconversion of all-trans-retinal(dehyde) to 11-cis-retinal(dehyde); a part of the vision cycle.retinaldehyde isomerase;
r. reductase alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+).
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The isomer of retinaldehyde that can combine with opsin to form rhodopsin; it is formed from 11-trans-retinal by retinal isomerase.neoretinal b;
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all-trans-retinal
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Retinol oxidized to a terminal aldehyde; a carotene released (as all-trans-retinal(dehyde)) in the bleaching of rhodopsin by light and the dissociation of opsin in the vision cycle.retinene-1, retinene, vitamin A aldehyde;
r. dehydrogenase retinal dehydrogenase
r. isomerase retinal isomerase
r. reductase alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+).
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A surgical excision of a piece of the retina.
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retinaldehyde
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retinaldehyde
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dehydroretinaldehyde
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Inflammation of the retina. [retina + G. -itis, inflammation]
albuminuric r. See hypertensive retinopathy.
apoplectic r. obsolete term for the appearance of the retina after occlusion of the central retinal vein.
azotemic r. obsolete term for hypertensive retinopathy. See hypertensive retinopathy.
central angiospastic r. obsolete term for central serous choroidopathy.
circinate r. See circinate retinopathy.
diabetic r. See diabetic retinopathy.
exudative r. , r. exudati´va a chronic abnormality characterized by deposition of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in outer retinal layers and subretinal space. In adults, often preceded by uveitis; in children, often preceded by retinal vascular abnormalities.Coats' disease;
gravidic r. obsolete term for toxemic retinopathy of pregnancy. See toxemic retinopathy of pregnancy.
leukemic r. See leukemic retinopathy.
metastatic r. purulent or septic r. resulting from the arrest of septic emboli in the retinal vessels.purulent r., septic r;
r. pigmento´sa a progressive abiotrophy of the neuroepithelium, with atrophy and pigmentary infiltration of the inner layers of the retina. There is abundant evidence of mendelian inheritance mostly as a dominant [MIM*180100] but also as a recessive or X-linked trait [MIM*268000, *312600, *312610].pigmentary retinopathy;
r. prolif´erans proliferative retinopathy
punctate r. See retinopathy punctata albescens.
purulent r. metastatic r
recurrent central r. obsolete term for central serous retinopathy.
r. sclopeta´ria a severe contusion lesion of the retina, as from a shot pellet or BB. [from sclopetum, a medieval handgun]
secondary r. r. that follows uveal inflammation.
septic r. metastatic r
serous r. edema of the retina; an inflammation of the inner layers of the retina.simple r;
simple r. serous r
r. syphilit´ica , syphilitic r. r. often associated with syphilitic choroiditis, especially in congenital syphilis.
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The retina. [Med. L. retina]
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Malignant ocular neoplasm of childhood usually occurring before the third year of life, composed of primitive retinal small round cells with deeply staining nuclei and by elongate cells forming rosettes. In familial forms, the disease is commonly bilateral and multiple within an eye; in sporadic cases, rarely so. [retino- + G. blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]
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chorioretinal
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Inflammation of the retina extending to the choroid.chorioretinitis, choroidoretinitis; [retinochoroid + G. -itis, inflammation]
bird shot r. bilateral diffuse retinal vasculitis with depigmentation of multiple areas of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium posterior to the ocular equator, often with an associated papillitis or optic atrophy; vitiligo occurs occasionally.
r. juxtapapilla´ris r. close to the optic disk.Jensen's disease;
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dialysis retinae [retino- + G. dialysis, separation]
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Vitamin A1 acid;retinaldehyde in which the terminal -CHO has been oxidized to a -COOH; used topically in the treatment of acne; plays an important role in growth and differentiation.vitamin A1 acid;
13-cis-r.a. the retinoid most used in the United States to treat acne; it works by reducing sebum secretion. Use in pregnancy is contraindicated because of teratogenicity.
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1. Resembling a resin; resinous. [G. retine, resin, + eidos, resemblance] 2. Resembling the retina. [Mediev. L. retina] 3. In plural form, term used to describe the natural forms and synthetic analogs of retinol.In experiments with rats, hamsters, and other animals, these vitamin A analogs have been shown to block carcinogenesis in a variety of epithelial tissues. Clinical trials have announced success of retinoid drugs in preventing actinic keratosis, bronchial metaplasia, cervical dysplasia, oral leukoplakia, tumors in the aerodigestive tract, and some skin cancers. Although the mechanism by which retinoids act is not fully understood, they may modulate gene expression and thereby slow or suppress the multistep process that leads to the creation, proliferation, and spread of cancerous cells.
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A class of keratolytic drugs derived from retinoic acid and used for treatment of severe acne and psoriasis.
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vitamin A1alcohol; 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9´-hydroxy-3´,7´-dimethylnona-1´,3´,5´,7´-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene;a half-carotene bearing the beta (or beta-ionone) form of the cyclic end group and a CH2OH at the C-15 position (numbering as in carotenoids) or 9´-position (numbering as a nonyl side chain on a cyclohexene ring); an intermediate in the vision cycle, it also plays a role in growth and differentiation. See also dehydroretinol.vitamin A1 alcohol, vitamin A1;
r. dehydrogenase an oxidoreductase catalyzing interconversion of retinal and NADH to retinol and NAD+.
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Retinol with cis configuration at the 11-position (carotenoid numbering) or 5´-position (retinol numbering) of the side chain; an intermediate in the vision cycle.neoretinene B;
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Inflammation of the retina extending to the optic disk.
r. of premature infants retinopathy of prematurity
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Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the retina. [retino- + G. pathos, suffering]
arteriosclerotic r. r. distinguished by attenuated retinal arterioles with increased tortuosity, copper- or silver-wire appearance, perivascular sheathing, irregularity of lumen and scattered small hemorrhages, and small, sharp-edged deposits without surrounding edema.
central angiospastic r. central serous choroidopathy
central serous r. central serous choroidopathy
circinate r. a retinal degeneration marked by a girdle of sharply defined white exudates around an edematous macula; usually bilateral and typically affects the aged.
compression r. 1. See Berlin's edema. See traumatic r.
diabetic r. retinal changes occurring in diabetes of long duration, marked by hemorrhages, microaneurysms, and sharply defined waxy deposits, or by proliferative retinopathy.fundus diabeticus; Progressive degeneration of retinal blood vessels is a consequence of diabetes mellitus. Blood leakage and fluid buildup from deteriorating and weakly formed new blood vessels initially cause macular edema. As the damage proliferates, scarring and sometimes retinal detachment result. Some 40% of diabetics manifest this condition to a degree. In the U.S. 5,000 go blind from it each year (worldwide, 30,000 to 40,000). With early diagnosis, the condition can be treated by laser photocoagulation, whereby leaking blood vessels are cauterized. Photocoagulation halts or retards retinopathy, and cuts the chance of blindness in half.
dysproteinemic r. retinal venous congestion due to increased blood viscosity in dysproteinemia.
eclamptic r. toxemic r. of pregnancy
electric r. photoretinopathy
external exudative r. See exudative retinitis.
gravidic r. toxemic r. of pregnancy
hypertensive r. a retinal condition occurring in accelerated vascular hypertension, marked by arteriolar constriction, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool patches, star-figure edema at the macula, and papilledema.
Leber's idiopathic stellate r. See neuroretinitis.
leukemic r. appearance of the retina in all types of leukemia, characterized by engorgement and tortuosity of veins, scattered hemorrhages, and edema of the retina and disk.
lipemic r. a milkiness of the retinal vessels (lipemia retinalis) combined with hard-edged fatty exudates, seen in patients with diabetic acidosis and hyperlipemia.
macular r. maculopathy
pigmentary r. retinitis pigmentosa
r. of prematurity abnormal replacement of the sensory retina by fibrous tissue and blood vessels, occurring mainly in premature infants having a birth weight of less than 1500 g who are placed in a high-oxygen environment.retinopapillitis of premature infants, retrolental fibroplasia, Terry's syndrome;
proliferative r. neovascularization of the retina extending into the vitreous humor.retinitis proliferans;
r. puncta´ta al´bescens a disease in which both fundi show numerous white dots through the retina; causes night blindness.
Purtscher's r. transient traumatic retinal angiopathy due to a sudden rise in venous pressure, as in compression of the body from seat belt injury; ocular fundi show large white patches associated with the retinal veins about the disk or macula, hemorrhages, and retinal edema;thought to be due to fat embolism from bone marrow.Purtscher's disease, transient r., traumatic r;
renal r. hypertensive r. associated with chronic glomerulonephritis or nephrosclerosis.
rubella r. peripheral pigmentary retinal changes in congenital rubella, not affecting visual function.
sickle cell r. a condition marked by dilation and tortuosity of retinal veins, and by microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages; advanced stages may show neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment.
solar r. photoretinopathy
toxemic r. of pregnancy sudden angiospasm of retinal arterioles, later followed by retinal vascular signs of advanced hypertensive r.; vascular changes disappear rapidly after termination of the pregnancy.eclamptic r., gravidic r;
toxic r. retinal changes due to prolonged administration of various drugs.
transient r. Purtscher's r
traumatic r. Purtscher's r
venous-stasis r. a uniocular retinopathy associated with occlusion of the central retinal vein; a nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion.
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A procedure to repair a detached retina by holding it in place; e.g., by producing chorioretinal adhesions by freezing ("retinal cryopexy"). [retino- + G. pexis, fixation]
fluid r. a procedure to repair a detached retina by holding it in place with a fluid that is heavier than vitreous fluid.
gas r. a retinal detachment repair in which the retina is held in place by an expandable gas.pneumatic r;
pneumatic r. gas r
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Repositioning a detached retina by pressing it into position by gas or fluid. See retinopexy. [retino- + G. piesis, pressure]
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Degenerative splitting of the retina, with cyst formation between the two layers. [retino- + G. schisis, division]
juvenile r. [MIM*268100] r. occurring before 10 years of age and within the nerve-fiber layer, with frequent macular involvement; at first, the inner wall is a translucent veil-like membrane, but it becomes more dense and may render the retina white; autosomal recessive inheritance. There is a form of this condition in middle age that is X-linked [MIM*312700] and a rare autosomal dominant form [MIM*180270].
senile r. r. occurring most often in the elderly and affecting the outer plexiform layer; it begins in the extreme inferotemporal periphery and is not significantly progressive; vision usually is good.
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An optical device used to illuminate a subject's retina during retinoscopy. [retino- + G. skopeo, to view]
luminous r. a portable optical device providing either a circular or linear (streak) beam of light.
reflecting r. a plane or concave mirror with a central perforation that allows the observer to see rays emerge from the subject's eye.
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A method of determining errors of refraction by illuminating the retina and observing the rays of light emerging from the eye.scotoscopy, shadow test, skiascopy; [retino- + G. skopeo, to view]
cylinder r. determination of spherical, astigmatic, and refractive error using cylindrical lenses.
fogging r. the method of reducing vision with convex lenses until accommodation is suspended; a static, noncycloplegic technique.
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A surgical incision through the retina.
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The phosphoester of all-trans retinol; essential for the biosynthesis of certain glycoproteins needed for growth regulation and for mucous secretion.
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The reticular cells related to the reticular fiber network, as in the stroma of lymphatic tissue. [L. rete, net, + G. peri, around, + Mod. L. thelium, fr. G. thele, nipple]
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1. A flasklike vessel with a long neck passing outward, once used in distilling. 2. A small furnace. [Mediev. L. retorta, fem. pp. of retorqueo, pp. -tortus, to twist or bend back]
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A genus of protozoan flagellates, one species of which, R. intestinalis, is found occasionally in the human intestine, although it is nonpathogenic and infrequently reported. [L. re-torqueo, to twist back, + G. monas, single, a unit]
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Old term for a neoplasm derived from reticular cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
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To shrink, draw back, or pull apart. [L. re-traho, pp. -tractus, a drawing back]
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Retractable; capable of being drawn back.
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1. A shrinking, drawing back, or pulling apart. 2. Posterior movement of teeth, usually with the aid of an orthodontic appliance. [L. retractio, a drawing back]
gingival r. 1. lateral movement of the gingival margin away from the tooth surface; may be indicative of underlying inflammation or pocket formation; 2. displacement of the marginal gingivae away from the tooth by mechanical, chemical, or surgical means.
mandibular r. a type of facial anomaly in which the gnathion lies posterior to the orbital plane.
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1. An instrument for drawing aside the edges of a wound or for holding back structures adjacent to the operative field. 2. A muscle that draws a part backward, e.g., the middle part of the trapezius muscle is a r. of the scapula; the horizontal fibers of the temporalis muscle serve to retract the mandible.
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Backward; toward the back part; directed posteriorly. [L. retro, backward, + ad, to]
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See posterior auricular muscle. [L. drawing back the ear, or auricle]
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Substitution of imaginary satisfactions or fantasy for relations with the real world.
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The cutting away of superfluous tissue. [F. re-, back, + trancher, to cut]
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The third stage in the memory process, after encoding and storage, involving mental processes associated with bringing stored information back into consciousness. See also memory.
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Prefix, to words formed from L. roots, denoting backward or behind. [L. back, backward]
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Behind the auricle.
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Relating to the back part of, or behind, the cheek.
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Behind the eyeball.retro-ocular;
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achillobursitis [retro- + L. calcaneum heel, + bursitis]
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Posterior to the cecum.
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Posterior to the cervix uteri.
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1. A going back; a relapse. 2. Cessation of the external symptoms of a disease followed by signs of involvement of some internal organ or part. 3. Denoting a position of the uterus or other organ farther back than is normal. [L. retro-cedo, pp. -cessus, to go back, retire]
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A form of acupressure for the arrest of bleeding; the needle is passed through the tissues above the cut end of the artery, is turned around, and then is passed backward beneath the vessel to come out near the point of entrance. [retro- + L. claudo (cludo) to close]
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Posterior to the colon. [retro- + G. kolon, colon]
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Relating to the back of the neck; drawing back the head. [retro- + L. collum, neck]
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retrocollic spasm
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retrograde conduction
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Running backward. [retro- + L. cursus, a running]
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A backward bending or inclining.
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Any backward displacement, such as retroversion or retroflexion of the uterus.
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Posterior to the esophagus.
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Placement of a sealing material into the apical foramen of a dental root from the apical end.
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retroflexed
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retroflexion
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Bent backward or posteriorly.retroflected; [retro- + L. flecto, pp. flexus, to bend]
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Backward bending, as of the uterus when the corpus is bent back, forming an angle with the cervix.retroflection;
r. of iris abnormal position of the iris on the ciliary body after severe concussion.
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Denoting a state in which the mandible is located posterior to its normal position in relation to the maxillae.
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A condition of facial disharmony in which one or both jaws are posterior to normal in their craniofacial relationships; usually used in reference to the mandible. [retro- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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1. Moving backward. 2. Degenerating; reversing the normal order of growth and development. [L. retrogradus, fr. retro- + gradior, to go]
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mirror-writing [retro- + G. grapho, to write]
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cataplasia [L. retrogressus fr. retrogradior, to go backwards]
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feedback inhibition
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Posterior to the iris.
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The washing out of a cavity by the backward flow of an injected fluid. [L. retro, backward, + jacio, to throw]
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A form of syringe with long tubular attachment to the nozzle, used in retrojection.
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Posterior to the lens of the eye.retrolenticular (1);
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1. retrolental 2. Behind the lentiform nucleus of the brain.
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Relating to the back part of the tongue; posterior to the tongue. [retro- + L. lingua, tongue]
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Posterior to the mamma.
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Posterior to the lower jaw. [retro- + L. mandibula, lower jaw]
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Posterior to the mastoid process; relating to the posterior mastoid cells.
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Distal (or posterior) to the last erupted (or present) molar tooth.
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cataplasia [retro- + G. morphosis, process of forming]
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Posterior nasal; relating to the posterior nares.
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retrobulbar
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External or posterior to the peritoneum.
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retroperitoneal space [retro- + peritoneum]
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Inflammation of the cellular tissue behind the peritoneum.
idiopathic fibrous r. retroperitoneal fibrosis
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Posterior to the pharynx.
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The posterior part of the pharynx.
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Behind the placenta.
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That state of cell or tissue in which activity is decreased below that considered normal; associated with retrogressive changes (e.g., injury, degeneration, death, necrosis). [retro- + G. plasis, a molding]
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Denoting retroposition. [retro- + L. pono, pp. positus, to place]
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Simple backward displacement of a structure or organ, as the uterus, without inclination, bending, retroversion, or retroflexion. [retro- + L. positio, a placing]
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A transposition of sequences in a DNA that does not originate in the DNA but, in an mRNA that is transcribed back into the genomic DNA by reverse transcription. [retro- + L. pono, pp. positum, to place, + -on]
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Posterior to the pubic bone.
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1. An involuntary backward walking or running, occurring in patients with the parkinsonian syndrome. 2. A pushing back of any part. [retro- + L. pulsio, a pushing, fr. pello, pp. pulsus, beat, drive]
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The act or process of surveying and reviewing the past. [retro- + L. specto, pp. spectatus, to look at]
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Relating to retrospection.
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Slipping posteriorly of the body of a vertebra, bringing it out of line with the adjacent vertebrae. [retro- + G. spondylos, vertebra, + olisthesis, a slipping]
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Posterior to the sternum.
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A term sometimes used to designate a steroid in which the orientations of the substituents at carbons-9 and -10 are the opposite of those of the reference or "parent" compound.
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Posterior to the tarsus, or edge of the eyelid.
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Posterior to the uterus.
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Combined retroversion and retroflexion of the uterus.
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1. A turning backward, as of the uterus. 2. Condition in which the teeth are located in a more posterior position than is normal. [retro- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]
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Denoting retroversion.
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A family of viruses resembling the orthomyxoviruses in size and shape, but structurally more complex; they possess RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases) and are grouped in three subfamilies: Oncovirinae (HTLV-I, HTLV-II RNA tumor viruses), Spumavirinae (foamy viruses), and Lentivirinae (HIV-like viruses, visna and related agents). Virions are about 100 nm in diameter, enveloped, and contain two identical molecules of positive sense, single-stranded RNA of high molecular weight (5 to 10 x 106); genomic RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA, which may be integrated into the host DNA.
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Any virus of the family Retroviridae.Retroviruses are potent disease agents (HIV belongs to this family), but they have also proven invaluable research tools in molecular biology. In 1979, molecular biologist Richard Mulligan used a genetically altered retrovirus to trigger the production of hemoglobin in vitro by monkey kidney cells. His technique for using retroviruses to import alien genes into cells has been widely adopted in the laboratory. Medical researchers have also explored retroviral transport as a means of gene therapy. A pioneer experiment was performed in 1990, when two patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency were treated with altered leukemia retroviruses. However, evidence exists that retroviruses may play a role in carcinogenesis, raising a question concerning the safety of their use in gene therapy. (See oncogene)
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1. Retraction of the mandible from any given point. 2. The backward movement of the mandible. [L. re-trudo, pp. -trusus, to push back]
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Andreas, 20th century Austrian pediatrician. See R.'s syndrome.
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Anders A., Swedish anatomist and anthropologist, 1796-1860. See R.'s cavity; cavum retzii; R.'s fibers, under fiber, gyrus, ligament, space, veins, under vein.
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Magnus G., Swedish anatomist and anthropologist, 1842-1919. See R.'s striae, under stria; lines of R., under line; R.'s foramen; calcification lines of R., under line; Key-R. corpuscles, under corpuscle; foramen of R.; sheath of Key and R.
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Connecting; denoting the ductus reuniens. [L. re-, again, + unio, pp. unitus, to unite]
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August von, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1841-1924. See R.'s formula, color tables, under table, test.
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Vaccination of an individual previously successfully vaccinated.
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Reestablishment of blood supply to a part.
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Multiple echoes or reflections; in ultrasonography, an artifactual image caused by delay of an echo which has been reflected back and forward again before returning to the transducer.
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Jacques L., Swiss surgeon, 1842-1929. See R. graft; R.'s method.
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1. A turning or changing to the opposite direction, as of a process, disease, symptom, or state. 2. The changing of a dark line or a bright one of the spectrum into its opposite. 3. Denoting the difficulty of some persons in distinguishing the lower case printed or written letter p from q or g, b from d, or s from z. 4. In psychoanalysis, the change of an instinct or affect into its opposite, as from love into hate. [L. re-verto, pp. -versus, to turn back or about]
adrenaline r. epinephrine r
epinephrine r. the fall in blood pressure produced by epinephrine when given following blockage of a-adrenergic receptors by an appropriate drug such as phenoxybenzamine; the vasodilation reflects the ability of epinephrine to activate beta-adrenergic receptors which, in vascular smooth muscle, are inhibitory; in the absence of a-receptor blockade, the beta-receptor activation by epinephrine is masked by its predominant action on vascular a-receptors, which causes vasoconstriction.adrenaline r;
narcotic r. the use of narcotic antagonists, such as naloxone, to terminate the action of narcotics.
pressure r. cessation of anesthesia by hyperbaric pressure; of major importance in understanding the mode of action of anesthetics.
relaxant r. use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to terminate the action of nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxants.
sex r. a process whereby the sexual identity of an individual is changed from one sex to the other (e.g., by a combination of surgical, pharmacologic, and psychiatric procedures); it may also occur in the life history of pseudohermaphroditic individuals whose sex at birth was uncertain; initially reared as members of one gender or sex role, such individuals may, upon subsequent medical examination and advice, be reared thereafter as members of the opposite gender or sex role.
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Capable of reversal; said of diseases or chemical reactions.
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1. The manifestation in an individual of certain characteristics, peculiar to a remote ancestor, which have been suppressed during one or more of the intermediate generations. 2. The return to the original phenotype, either by reinstatement of the original genotype (true r.) or by a mutation at a site different from that of the first mutation which cancels the effect of the first mutation (suppressor mutation). [L. reversio (see reversal)]
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In microbial genetics, a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype (true reversion) or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation. [L. re-vertans, pros. p. of re-verto, to turn back]
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Léon, Swiss physician, 1835-1919. See R.'s sign.
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revivification (1) [L. re-vivesco, to come to life again, fr. vivo, to live]
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1. Renewal of life and strength.revivescence; 2. Refreshening the edges of a wound by paring or scraping to promote healing.vivification; [L. re-, again, + vivo, to live, + facio, to make]
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1. counterirritation 2. derivation (1) [L. revulsio, act of pulling away, fr. re-vello, pp. -vulsus, to pluck or pull away]
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reinforcer
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Application of heat to correct hypothermia.
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Bror A., Swedish physician, scientist, and public servant, *1914. See lamina of Rexed.
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Ralph Douglas Kenneth, 20th century Australian pathologist. See R.'s syndrome.
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See Du Bois-Reymond.
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Osborne, English physicist, 1912- See Reynolds number.
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Abbreviation for releasing factors; rheumatoid factors, under factor; replicative form; reticular formation.
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Abbreviation for right frontoanterior position.
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Abbreviation for restriction fragment length polymorphism.
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Abbreviation for right frontoposterior position.
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Abbreviation for right frontotransverse position.
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Abbreviation for releasing hormone.
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1. Symbol for rhodium. 2. See Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
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Abbreviation for l-rhamnose.
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aloe-emodin
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See rhabdo-.
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See rhabditiform larva.
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A genus of small nematodes (family Rhabditidae, order Rhabditida), some of which are free-living, others parasitic on plants and animals; by dwelling on decaying organic matter, including putrefying flesh, some species have been viewed as parasitic or incipient parasites. R. strongyloides may invade the skin of dogs, cattle, and rodents, causing dermatitis. [G. rhabdos, a rod]
R.-like See rhabditiform larva.
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Rod; rod-shaped (rhabdoid). [G. rhabdos]
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Rarely used term for band cell or metamyelocyte. [rhabdo- + G. kytos, cell]
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Rod-shaped. [rhabdo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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Large round, spindle-shaped, or strap-shaped cells with deeply eosinophilic fibrillar cytoplasm which may show cross striations; found in some rhabdomyosarcomas. [rhabdo- + G. mys, muscle, + blastos, germ]
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An acute, fulminating, potentially fatal disease of skeletal muscle that entails destruction of skeletal muscle as evidenced by myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria. [rhabdo- + G. mys, muscle, + lysis, loosening]
acute recurrent r. [MIM*268200] repeated paroxysmal attacks of muscle pain and weakness followed by passage of dark red-brown urine, diagnosed by demonstration of myoglobin in the urine; it is attributed to abnormal phosphorylase activity in skeletal muscle, but there may be more than one biological type; it is more common in males than females; the genetics is obscure. In some cases, at least, there is deficiency of palmitoyl transferase.familial paroxysmal r;
exertional r. r. produced in susceptible individuals by muscular exercise.
familial paroxysmal r. acute recurrent r
idiopathic paroxysmal r. myoglobinuria
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A benign neoplasm derived from striated muscle, occurring in the heart in children, probably as a hamartomatous process. [rhabdo- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]
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A malignant neoplasm derived from skeletal (striated) muscle, occurring in children or, less commonly, in adults; classified as embryonal alveolar (composed of loose aggregates of small round cells), or pleomorphic (containing rhabdomyoblasts).rhabdosarcoma; [rhabdo- + G. mys, muscle, + sarkoma, sarcoma]
embryonal r.'s malignant neoplasms occurring in children, consisting of loose, spindle-celled tissue with rare cross-striations, and arising in many parts of the body in addition to skeletal muscles.
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Morbid fear of a rod (or switch) as an instrument of punishment. [rhabdo- + G. phobos, fear]
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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A sphincter made up of striated musculature.striated muscular sphincter; [rhabdo- + G. sphinkter, sphincter]
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A family of rod- or bullet-shaped viruses of vertebrates, insects, and plants, including rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (of cattle). Virions (60 to 400 by 60 to 85 nm), formed by budding from surface membranes of cells, are enveloped and ether-sensitive, with surface spikes to 10-nm long; nucleocapsids contain negative sense single-stranded RNA (MW 3 to 5 x 106) and are of helical symmetry. Two genera have been assigned names, Vesiculovirus and Lyssavirus; others are currently unnamed.
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Any virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.
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For words so beginning, see rachi-.
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Chaps, cracks, or fissures occurring at mucocutaneous junctions; seen in vitamin deficiency diseases and in congenital syphilis. [G. rhagas, pl. rhagades, a crack]
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Resembling or characterized by rhagades. [G. rhagas (rhagad-), crack, + L. forma, shape]
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See -rrhagia.
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A methylpentose present in a number of plant glycosides, free in poison sumac, in lipopolysaccharides of Enterobacteriaceae, and in rutinose (a disaccharide).isodulcit;
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A glycoside of rhamnose.
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frangulin
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A genus of shrubs and trees (family Rhamnaceae). The bark and berries of R. cathartica are cathartic; R. frangula is the source of frangula; R. purshiana is the source of cascara sagrada.buckthorn; [G. rhamnos]
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raphania
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raphe
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See -rrhaphy.
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Rarely used term for outgoing, carefree behavior. [G. rhathymeo, to take a holiday, be relaxed]
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The absolute unit of fluidity, the reciprocal of the unit of viscosity. [G. rheos, a stream]
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See -rrhea.
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A rent or fissure. [G. breakage]
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Arising from a bursting or fractionating of an organ. See rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. [G. rhegma, breakage, + -gen, producing]
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Relating to rheum (rhubarb).
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See under microscope.
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A metallic element of the platinum group; atomic wt. 186.207, atomic no. 75. [Mod. L., fr. L. Rhenus, Rhine river]
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Blood flow; electrical current. [G. rheos, stream, current, flow]
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The minimal strength of an electrical stimulus of indefinite duration that is able to cause excitation of a tissue, e.g., muscle or nerve. See also chronaxie.galvanic threshold; [rheo- + G. basis, a base]
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Pertaining to or having the characteristics of a rheobase.
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Impedance plethysmography applied to the heart. [rheo- + cardiography]
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The 3-methyl ether of emodin.
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Graphic registration of the changes in conductivity of tissue of the head caused by vascular factors.
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The technique of measuring blood flow of the brain; commonly used to denote impedance r. which uses changes in electrical impedance and resistance as a measure of flow. [rheo- + encephalography]
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A plot of the shear stress versus the shear rate for a fluid. [rheo- + G. gramma, something written]
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A specialist in rheology.
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The study of the deformation and flow of materials. [rheo- + G. logos, study]
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1. An instrument for measurement of the rheologic properties of materials, e.g., of blood. 2. A galvanometer. [rheo- + G. metron, measure]
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Measurement of electrical current or blood flow.
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A property of certain materials in which an increased rate of shear favors an increase in viscosity. [rheo- + G. pexis, fixation]
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A variable resistor used to adjust the current in an electrical circuit. [rheo- + G. statos, stationary]
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A hypertrophying and condensing osteitis which tends to run in longitudinal streaks or columns, like wax drippings on a candle, and which involves a number of the long bones.flowing hyperostosis, streak hyperostosis; [rheo- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
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A form of positive barotaxis, in which a microorganism in a fluid is impelled to move against the current flow of its medium. [rheo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
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A movement contrary to the motion of a current, involving part of an organism, rather than the organism as a whole, as in rheotaxis. [rheo- + G. tropos, a turning]
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The presence of broken down red blood cells in the peripheral circulation. [G. rhaio, to destroy, + kytos, a hollow (a cell), + haima, blood]
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Generic name for Macaca mulatta. [Mod. L., fr. L. Rhesus, G. Rhesos, a mythical king of Thrace]
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A mucous or watery discharge. [G. rheuma, a flux]
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Obsolete term for rheumatic pain. [G. rheuma, flux, + algos, pain]
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Relating to or characterized by rheumatism.rheumatismal; [G. rheumatikos, subject to flux, fr. rheuma, flux]
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Rheumatic nodules or other eruptions which may accompany rheumatism. [G. rheum, flux, + -id (1)]
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1. Obsolete term for rheumatic fever. 2. Indefinite term applied to various conditions with pain or other symptoms of articular origin or related to other elements of the musculoskeletal system. [G. rheumatismos, rheuma, a flux]
articular r. arthritis
cerebral r. central nervous system symptoms resulting from a rheumatic disease. Formerly seen primarily as a manifestation of rheumatic fever, now seen less frequently as a part of other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. See also Sydenham's chorea.
chronic r. a nonspecific disorder of the joints, slow in progress, producing a painful thickening and contraction of the fibrous structures, interfering with motion, and causing deformity.
gonorrheal r. an arthritis, often initally a polyarthritis, caused by systemic infection with the gonococcus.
r. of the heart rheumatic cardiac valvular disease, most often of the mitral and aortic valves.
inflammatory r. rheumatoid arthritis or other cause of joint inflammation.
lumbar r. lumbago
Macleod's r. rheumatoid arthritis with abundant serous effusion in the affected joints.
muscular r. fibrositis (2)
nodose r. 1. rheumatoid arthritis 2. an acute or subacute articular r., accompanied by the formation of nodules on the tendons, ligaments, and periosteum in the neighborhood of the affected joints.
subacute r. a mild but usually protracted form of acute rheumatic fever, often resistant to treatment.
tuberculous r. an inflammatory condition of the joints or fibrous tissues during the course of tuberculosis.
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rheumatic
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Rarely used term for Henoch-Schönlein purpura. [G. rheuma, flux, + kelis, spot]
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Resembling r. arthritis in one or more features. [G. rheuma, flux, + eidos, resemblance]
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A specialist in rheumatology.
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The medical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatic conditions. [G. rheuma, flux, + logos, study]
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Obsolete term for bursting or rupture of an organ or vessel. [G. rhexis, rupture]
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The perception of cold. [G. rhigoo, to be cold, + -osis, condition]
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Pertaining to rhigosis.
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The nose. [G. rhis]
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nasal
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Pain in the nose.rhinodynia; [rhin- + G. algos, pain]
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The area of hairless skin surrounding the nostrils in some mammals.
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Swelling of the nasal mucous membrane. [rhin- + G. oidema, swelling]
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Relating to the rhinencephalon.
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Collective term denoting the parts of the cerebral hemisphere directly related to the sense of smell: the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle (together still listed as the first cranial nerve or olfactory nerve despite the fact that they form part of the central nervous system), olfactory tubercle, and olfactory or piriform cortex including the cortical nucleus of the amygdala. The term originally also encompassed the hippocampus, the entire amygdala, and the fornicate gyrus, which are no longer believed to be specifically related to the sense of smell. See also limbic system.smell-brain; [rhin- + G. enkephalos, brain]
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A nasal douche; washing out the nasal cavities. [rhin- + G. enchysis, a pouring in]
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A craniometric point: the lower end of the internal suture. [G. rhinion, nostril, dim. of rhis (rhin-), nose]
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rhinolalia
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Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane.nasal catarrh; [rhin- + G. -itis, inflammation]
acute r. an acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, marked by sneezing, lacrimation, and a profuse secretion of watery mucus; usually associated with infection by one of the common cold viruses.cold in the head, coryza;
allergic r. r. associated with hay fever.
atrophic r. chronic r. with thinning of the mucous membrane; often associated with crusts and foul-smelling discharge.
atrophic r. of swine a disease manifested by atrophy, shrinkage, and often almost complete disappearance of the turbinate bones, accompanied by distortion of the facial bones, sneezing, and stunting of the growth of young animals; caused principally by the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica.
r. caseo´sa , caseous r. a form of chronic r. in which the nasal cavities are more or less completely filled with an ill-smelling cheesy material.
chronic r. a protracted sluggish inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane; in the later stages the mucous membrane with its glands may be thickened (hypertrophic r.) or thinned (atrophic r.).
gangrenous r. See cancrum nasi.
hypertrophic r. chronic r. with permanent thickening of the mucous membrane.
inclusion body r. a respiratory disease of pigs caused by the cytomegalovirus porcine herpesvirus 2 and characterized by r. and conjunctivitis in young pigs.
r. medicamento´sa inflammation of the nasal mucosa secondary to excessive or improper topical medication.
necrotic r. of pigs an infection of the subcutaneous structures of the snout of swine which causes malformation of the face; it is frequently due to infection of wounds made for the insertion of metal rings to discourage or prevent the animal from rooting in the soil; Fusobacterium necrophorum plays an important role in this disease.bullnose;
r. nervo´sa hay fever
scrofulous r. tuberculous infection of the nasal mucous membrane.
r. sic´ca a form of chronic r. with little or no secretion.
vasomotor r. congestion of nasal mucosa without infection or allergy.
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See rhin-.
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A variation of the pneumotachometer, used for measuring nasal air flow and nasal resistance to air flow. [rhino- + G. anemos, wind, + metron, measure]
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Obsolete term for excision of the inner canthus of the eye. [rhino- + G. kanthos, canthus, + ektome, excision]
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Cavity (ventricle) of the rhinencephalon, the primitive olfactory part of the telencephalon. [rhino- + G. koilia, a hollow]
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Rhinencephaly;a form of cyclopia in which the nose is represented by a fleshy proboscis-like protuberance arising above the slitlike orbits, and the rhinencephalic lobes of the telencephalon are poorly developed with some tendency to become fused together. [rhino- + G. kephale, head]
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Plastic surgery of the nose and upper lip. [rhino- + G. cheilos, lip, + plastos, formed]
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A genus of dematiaceous (dark colored) fungi, characterized by acrotheca, that cause chromoblastomycosis. See also Phialophora.
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rhinostenosis [rhino- + G. kleisis, a closure]
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Obsolete term for a calculus in the nasolacrimal duct. [rhino- + G. dakryon, tear (duct), + lithos, stone]
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Duplication of the nose on an otherwise normal face. [rhino- + G. -dymos, fold]
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rhinalgia [rhino- + G. odyne, pain]
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Infection of horses and donkeys, rarely humans, with larvae of the fly Rhinoestrus purpureus; human infection is usually benign and of short duration, limited to the first stage of the larva and resulting in a mild ophthalmomyiasis.
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A species of fly of the family Oestridae, the nasal botflies, that causes rhinoestrosis.
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Originating in the nose. [rhino- + G. -gen, producing]
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Obsolete term referring to plastic surgery for rhinokyphosis. [rhino- + G. kyphosis, humped condition, + ektome, excision]
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A humpback deformity of the nose. [rhino- + G. kyphosis, humped condition]
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Nasalized speech.rhinism, rhinophonia; [rhino- + G. lalia, talking]
r. aper´ta abnormal speech attributable to inadequate velopharyngeal closure.
r. clau´sa abnormal speech attributable to nasal obstruction.
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rhinolith
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A calcareous concretion in the nasal cavity often around an undetected foreign body.nasal calculus, rhinolite; [rhino- + G. lithos, stone]
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The presence of a nasal calculus. [rhinolith + G. -iasis, condition]
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Relating to rhinology.
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A specialist in diseases of the nose.
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The branch of medical science concerned with the nose and its diseases. [rhino- + G. logos, study]
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A manometer used to determine the presence and amount of nasal obstruction, and the nasal air pressure and flow relationships. [rhino- + manometer]
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1. The use of a rhinomanometer. 2. The study and measurement of nasal air flow and pressures.
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entomophthoramycosis [rhino- + mucormycosis]
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Fungus infection of the nasal mucous membranes. [rhino- + mycosis]
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Necrosis of the bones of the nose. [rhino- + necrosis]
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Disease of the nose. [rhino- + G. pathos, suffering]
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1. nasopharyngeal 2. Relating to the rhinopharynx.
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A concretion in the rhinopharynx. [rhinopharynx + G. lithos, stone]
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nasopharynx [rhino- + pharynx]
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rhinolalia [rhino- + G. phone, voice]
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entomophthoramycosis
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Hypertrophy of the nose with follicular dilation, resulting from hyperplasia of sebaceous glands with fibrosis and increased vascularity.brandy nose, copper nose, hammer nose, hypertrophic rosacea, potato nose, rum nose, rum-blossom, toper's nose; [rhino- + G. phyma, tumor, growth]
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1. Repair of a defect of the nose with tissue taken from elsewhere. 2. Plastic surgery to change the shape or size of the nose. [rhino- + G. plastos, formed]
English r. r. utilizing a flap from the cheek.
Indian r. r. utilizing a flap from the forehead.Carpue's method, Indian method, Indian operation;
Italian r. Italian method r. utilizing a flap from the arm.Italian method, Italian operation, tagliacotian operation;
Joseph r. obsolete term for reduction and reshaping of the nose.
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Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and lung in animals. [rhino- + G. pneumon, lung, + -itis, inflammation]
equine r. a mild respiratory disease of horses, caused by equine herpesvirus 4, a member of the Herpesviridae, and characterized by fever, serous rhinitis, and leukopenia, sometimes resulting in abortion in mares.
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A discharge from the nasal mucous membrane. [rhino- + G. rhoia, flow]
cerebrospinal fluid r. a discharge of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose.
gustatory r. watery nasal discharge associated with stimulation of the sense of taste.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and eustachian tube. [rhino- + G. salpinx, tube, + -itis, inflammation]
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A chronic granulomatous process involving the nose, upper lip, mouth, and upper air passages; starts usually as a growth of hard smooth nodules in the anterior nares which spreads backward into the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and even into the bronchi; it may involve the external auditory meatus and is believed to be due to a specific bacterium, possibly a strain of Klebsiella. [rhino- + G. skleroma, an induration]
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A small mirror attached at a suitable angle to a rodlike handle, used in posterior rhinoscopy.
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Relating to the rhinoscope or to rhinoscopy.
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Inspection of the nasal cavity. [rhino- + G. skopeo, to view]
anterior r. inspection of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity with or without the aid of a nasal speculum.
median r. inspection of the roof of the nasal cavity and openings of the posterior ethmoid cells and sphenoidal sinus by means of a long-bladed nasal speculum or nasopharyngoscope.
posterior r. inspection of the nasopharynx and posterior portion of the nasal cavity by means of the rhinoscope, or with a nasopharyngoscope. See also nasopharyngoscopy.
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Invasion of the nasal cavity by Rhinosporidium seeberi, resulting in a chronic granulomatous disease producing polyps or other forms of hyperplasia on mucous membranes; it is found in natives of North and South America, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka.
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A fungal-like organism, of worldwide distribution and uncertain taxonomic position, found in certain vascular raspberry-like tumors of the septum nasi (rhinosporidiosis). [rhino- + G. sporidion, dim. of sporos, seed]
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Nasal obstruction.rhinocleisis; [rhino- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]
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1. Any cutting operation on the nose. 2. Operative procedure in which the nose is incised along one side so that it may be turned away to provide full vision of the nasal passages for radical sinus operations. [rhino- + G. tome, incision, cutting]
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Inflammation of the nasal cavities and trachea. [rhino- + trachea + -itis, inflammation]
feline viral r. an acute upper respiratory tract infection of cats caused by the feline rhinotracheitis virus; it is frequently fatal in kittens but mild in adults, who sometimes become convalescent carriers of the virus.
infectious bovine r. (IBR) an infectious disease of cattle characterized by tracheitis, rhinitis, and fever, and caused by bovine herpesvirus 1; other clinical manifestations include pustular vulvovaginitis or balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis and, rarely, encephalitis.
turkey r. a disease of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys, caused by the turkey r. virus and characterized by catarrh, foamy conjunctivitis, and sinusitis; it has been reported from South Africa, Europe, and Israel.
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A genus of acid-labile viruses (family Picornaviridae) of worldwide distribution with a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome, associated with the common cold in man and foot-and-mouth disease in cattle. There are more than 110 antigenic types, formerly classified as M strains (culturable in rhesus monkey kidney and human cells) and H strains (growing only in cultures of human cells).
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Any virus of the genus Rhinovirus.
bovine r.'s an obsolete name for viruses that cause widespread subclinical and occasionally mild clinical respiratory diseases of calves in the United States and Europe.
equine r.'s an obsolete name for viruses that cause inapparent as well as mild to relatively severe upper respiratory tract disease in the United States and Europe; most prevalent in breeding stables, and associated with high morbidity but negligible mortality; all equine isolates are related serologically to the original isolate.
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A genus of inornate hard ticks (family Ixodidae) consisting of about 50 species, all of which are Old World except R. sanguineus. Eyes and festoons are present in both sexes; short palpi and ventral plates are present only in the male. The genus includes important vectors of diseases in humans and domestic animals. [G. rhipis, fan, + kephale, head]
R. appendicula´tus the brown ear tick, a species that transmits Theileria parva parva, the cause of East Coast fever, and Theileria parva lawrencei, the cause of Corridor disease, and Theileria parva bovis, the cause of Rhodesian malignant theileriosis.
R. evert´si the red-legged or African red t., a vector of East Coast fever and of Borrelia theileri.
R. pulchel´lus the yellow-backed or zebra tick; a vector of Theileria taurotragi, the cause of benign bovine theileriosis in Africa.
R. sanguin´eus the brown dog tick, probably the most common and cosmopolitan species found on dogs in the U.S.; it may attack other animals but rarely attacks humans; it is a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico, the major vector of canine babesiosis, transmits canine ehrlichiosis, and is a vector of the rickettsia of boutonneuse fever.
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Combining form denoting root. [G. rhiza]
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1. Rootlike. 2. Irregularly branching, like a root; denoting a form of bacterial growth. 3. In fungi, the rootlike hyphae which arise at the nodes of the hyphae of Rhizopus species. [rhizo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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The creeping underground stem of plants such as iris, calamus, and sanguinaria. [G. rhizoma, mass of roots, fr. rhiza, root, + -oma, mass]
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1. Disproportion in the length of the most proximal segment of the limbs (upper arms and thighs). 2. A disorder involving the shoulder and hip joint. [rhizo- + G. melos, limb]
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Inflammation of the nerve roots, the meninges, and the spinal cord.radiculomeningomyelitis; [rhizo- + G. meninx, membrane, + myelon, marrow, + -itis, inflammation]
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A fine connection between the flagellum or blepharoplast and the nucleus of a protozoan. [rhizo- + G. plastos, formed]
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A superclass in the subphylum Sarcodina that includes the amebae of humans, having pseudopodia of various forms but without axial filaments.Rhizopodasida, Rhizopodea; [rhizo + G. pous (pod-), foot]
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Rhizopoda
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Rhizopoda [rhizo- + G. pous (pod-), foot]
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10-formylpteroic acid;a folic acid factor for certain bacteria.SLR factor, Streptococcus lactis R factor;
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A genus of fungi (class Zygomycetes, family Mucoraceae); some species cause zygomycosis in humans.
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Section of the spinal nerve roots for the relief of pain or spastic paralysis.radicotomy, radiculectomy; [G. rhiza, root, + tome, section]
anterior r. section of anterior spinal root.
facet r. a percutaneous radio frequency lysis of the innervation of a facet.
posterior r. section of posterior spinal root.Dana's operation;
trigeminal r. division or section of a sensory root of the fifth cranial nerve, accomplished through a subtemporal (Frazier-Spiller operation), suboccipital (Dandy operation), or transtentorial approach.retrogasserian neurectomy, retrogasserian neurotomy;
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1. 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. Symbol for density. 3. See rho factor.
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See rhodo-.
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A fluorescent red basic xanthene dye, tetraethylrhodamine chloride, used in histology as a contrasting stain to methylene blue and methyl green, and as a vital fluorochrome.
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thiocyanate
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thiosulfate sulfurtransferase
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thiocyanic acid
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A dye mixture, considered by some to be a salt of rhodamine B and Nile blue, used to stain keratinized epithelium (red) and fibroblasts (blue), as well as spermatozoa and normal and pathologic acidophilic, basophilic, and certain neutrophilic elements of cells and tissues; used as a substitute for hematoxylin and eosin.
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fucose
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A dihydroporphyrin derivative (the two additional hydrogens being at positions 17 and 18) of the type found in chlorophyll b and with a formyl group on position 7 rather than a methyl group.
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A metallic element, atomic no. 45, atomic wt. 102.90550. [Mod. L. fr. G. rhodon, a rose]
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Rosy, red color. [G. rhodon, rose]
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A genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive, partially acid-fast, aerobic bacteria found in soil and in the feces of herbivores. Some species are pathogenic for animals and human beings. The type species is Rhodococcus rhodochrous.
R. equi a species causing bronchopneumonia and the formation of abscesses in the lungs of foals. It can cause bronchopneumonia in immunocompromised humans, especially those with AIDS.Corynebacterium equi;
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The production of rhodopsin by the combination of 11-cis-retinal and opsin in the dark. [rhodopsin + G. genesis, production]
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Relating to rhodophylaxis.
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The action of the pigment cells of the choroid in preserving or facilitating the reproduction of rhodopsin. [rhodopsin + G. phylaxis, a guarding]
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A red thermolabile protein, MW ca. 40,000, found in the external segments of the rods of the retina; it is bleached by the action of light, which converts it to opsin and all-trans-retinal, and is restored in the dark by rhodogenesis; the dominant protein in the plasma membrane of rod cells.visual purple;
r. kinase an enzyme that regulates r. function by phosphorylating activated r. at a number of sites; phosphorylated photoactivated r. binds to arrestin.
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Precursors of opsin and all-trans-retinal, formed from lumirhodopsin in the visual cycle.
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A genus of yeasts, usually pink to red and of questionable pathogenicity, which are generally introduced iatrogenically in prosthetic implants and into immunocompromised patients via intravenous catheters.
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That part of the developing brain that is the most caudal of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube; secondarily divided into metencephalon and myelencephalon; the r. includes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.hindbrain vesicle, hindbrain; [rhombo- + G. enkephalos, brain]
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1. rhomboid 2. Relating to the rhombencephalon.
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Rhombic, rhomboid. [G. rhombos]
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See musculus rhomboatloideus.
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rhomboidal sinus [rhombo- + G. koilia, a hollow]
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Resembling a rhomb; i.e., an oblique parallelogram, but having unequal sides; in anatomy, denoting especially a ligament and two muscles.rhombic (1); [rhombo- + G. eidos, appearance]
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See rhomboid minor muscle.
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Segments of the developing neural tube in the rhombencephalon; nine rhombomeres appear in the developing human. [rhombencephalon + G. meros, part]
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Relating to or characteristic of a rhonchus.
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An added sound with a musical pitch occurring during inspiration or expiration, heard on auscultation of the chest, and caused by air passing through bronchi that are narrowed by inflammation, spasm of smooth muscle, or presence of mucus in the lumen; if low-pitched, it is called sonorous r. ; if high-pitched, with a whistling or squeaky quality, sibilant r. . [L. fr. G. rhenchos, a snoring]
cavernous r. cavernous rale
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Formation of vacuoles at a cell surface without prior formation of cytoplasmic projections, by which the cell appears to aspirate surrounding material. See also pinocytosis. [G. rhopheo, to gulp down, or aspirate, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Electron-dense club-shaped, tubular or saccular organelles extending back from the anterior end of sporozoites and other stages of certain sporozoans in the subphylum Apicomplexa.paired organelles, toxoneme; [G. rhopalon, club]
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Mispronunciation of the "r" sound. [G. rho, the letter r]
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Any plant of the genus Rheum (family Polygonaceae), especially R. rhaponticum, garden rhubarb, and R. officinale or R. palmatum; the last two species or their hybrids, deprived of periderm tissues, dried, and powdered, are used for their astringent, tonic and laxative effects.
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A genus of vines and shrubs (family Anacardiaceae) containing various species that are used for their ornamental foliage; formerly used in tanning. Certain poisonous species are classified as Toxicodendron. [L., fr. G. rhous, sumac]
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sordes [G. filth, fr. rhypos, filth]
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coprophagia [G. rhypos, filth, + phago, to eat]
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An abnormal aversion to or morbid fear of dirt or filth. [G. rhypos, filth, + phobos, fear]
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1. Measured time or motion; the regular alternation of two or more different or opposite states. 2. rhythm method 3. Regular occurrence of an electrical event in the electroencephalogram. See also wave. 4. Sequential beating of the heart generated by a single beat or sequence of beats. [G. rhythmos]
agonal r. an idioventricular r., characterized by unusually wide and bizarre ventricular complexes, often seen in moribund patients.
alpha r. 1. a wave pattern in the encephalogram in the frequency band of 8 to 13 Hz; 2. the posterior dominant 8-13 Hz r. in the awake, relaxed person with closed eyes, that attenuates with eye opening.alpha wave, Berger r;
atrioventricular junctional r. the cardiac r. when the heart is controlled by the A-V junction (including node); arising in the A-V junction, the impulse ascends to the atria and descends to the ventricles, each at varying speeds depending on site of the pacemaker.A-V junctional r., nodal bradycardia, nodal r;
A-V junctional r. atrioventricular junctional r
basic electrical r. (BER) a slow wave of depolarization of smooth muscle from the fundus to the pylorus that coordinates gastric peristalsis and emptying.
Berger r. alpha r
beta r. a wave pattern in the electroencephalogram in the frequency band of 18 to 30 Hz.beta wave;
bigeminal r. that cardiac r. when each beat of the dominant rhythm (sinus or other) is followed by a premature beat, with the result that the heartbeats occur in pairs (bigeminy).coupled r;
cantering r. gallop
circadian r. See circadian.
circus r. circus movement
coronary nodal r. formerly applied by some authorities to the electrocardiographic pattern of normal upright P waves in leads I and II with a short P-R interval.
coronary sinus r. an ectopic atrial r. supposedly originating from a pacemaker at the mouth of the coronary sinus; recognized in the electrocardiogram by P-waves that are inverted in leads II, III, and a VI with a normal or prolonged P-R interval; an ectopic ("lower") atrial rhythm.
coupled r. bigeminal r
delta r. a wave pattern in the electroencephalogram in the frequency band of 1.5 to 4.0 Hz.delta wave (2);
diurnal r. See diurnal.
ectopic r. any cardiac r. arising from a center other than the normal pacemaker, the sinus node.
escape r. three or more consecutive impulses at a rate not exceeding the upper limit of the inherent pacemaker; extreme range of impulse formation at the sinoatrial node is between 40 to 180 impulses per minute, that of the atrioventricular junction is normally 40 to 60 impulses per minute, and the normal rate of the ventricular myocardium (idioventricular rhythm) is 20 to 40 impulses per minute.
gallop r. gallop
idiojunctional r. idionodal r
idionodal r. an independent r., the ventricles being under control of the A-V node (A-V junction).idiojunctional r;
idioventricular r. a slow independent ventricular r. under control of a ventricular center (which is, by definition, ectopic).ventricular r;
junctional r. r.'s originating anywhere within the A-V junction. Formerly, "A-V nodal" or simply "nodal" r.'s.
nodal r. atrioventricular junctional r
pendulum r. embryocardia
quadrigeminal r. a cardiac arrhythmia in which the heartbeats are grouped in fours, each usually composed of one sinus beat followed by three extrasystoles, but a repetitive group of four of any composition is quadrigeminal.quadrigeminy;
quadruple r. a quadruple cadence to the heart sounds due to the easy audibility of both third and fourth heart sounds, indicative of serious myocardial disease.trainwheel r;
reciprocal r. a cardiac arrhythmia in which the impulse arising in the A-V junction descends to and activates the ventricles on one intrajunctional pathway and simultaneously ascends toward the atria in parallel pathways; before reaching the atria, however, the impulse is reflected downward and again activates the ventricles, producing an echo or reciprocal beat; recognized in the electrocardiogram by the presence of an inverted P wave in lead aVF and usually II sandwiched between two ventricular complexes aberrantly, both of which may be normal or one of which may be conducted.
reciprocating r. a cardiac arrhythmia initiated by an A-V junctional beat followed in turn by a reciprocal beat; the descending impulse of the reciprocal beat, before reaching the ventricles, is also reflected backward to the atria, but before reaching the atria is reflected downward again to the ventricles, so that there is both retrograde atrial activation and orthograde ventricular activation.
reversed reciprocal r. a cardiac arrhythmia in which a normal sinus impulse, before reaching the ventricles, is reflected backward to the atria; thus in the electrocardiogram a ventricular complex is sandwiched between a normal sinus P wave and a retrograde P wave; if the dysrhythmia continues, subsequent cycles are similar to those of reciprocating r.
sinus r. normal cardiac r. proceeding from the sinoatrial node.
systolic gallop r. obsolete term for extra sounds, usually clicks, heard during systole.
theta r. a wave pattern in the electroencephalogram in the frequency band of 4 to 7 Hz.theta wave;
tic-tac r. embryocardia
trainwheel r. quadruple r
trigeminal r. a cardiac arrhythmia in which the beats are grouped in trios, usually composed of a sinus beat followed by two extrasystoles.trigeminy;
triple r. a triple cadence to the heart sounds at any heart rate, due to the easy audibility of a third (usually) or fourth heart sound, or at faster rates a summation sound due to coincidence of the third and fourth heart sounds.
ultradian r. See ultradian.
ventricular r. idioventricular r
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Elimination of wrinkles from, or reshaping of, the face by excising any excess skin and tightening the remainder; the so-called face-lift.rhytidoplasty; [G. rhytis (rhytid-), a wrinkle]
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rhytidectomy [G. rhytis, a wrinkle, + plastos, formed]
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1. Wrinkling of the face to a degree disproportionate to age. 2. Laxity and wrinkling of the cornea, an indication of approaching death.rutidosis; [G. a wrinkling, fr. rhytis, a wrinkle, + -osis, condition]
r. retinae retinal wrinkling.
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Abbreviation for radioimmunoassay.
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Symbol for ribose.os costale [NA], costa (1);
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One of the twenty-four elongated curved bones forming the main portion of the bony wall of the chest. [A.S. ribb]
bicipital r. fusion of first thoracic r. with cervical vertebra.
bifid r. one in which the body bifurcates.
cervical r. a supernumerary rib articulating with a cervical vertebra, usually the seventh, but not reaching the sternum anteriorly. See also cervical rib syndrome.costa cervicalis [NA];
false r.'s five lower ribs on either side that do not articulate with the sternum directly.costae spuriae [NA], vertebrochondral r.'s;
floating r.'s the two lower ribs on either side that are not attached anteriorly.costae fluitantes [NA], costae fluctuantes, vertebral r.'s;
lumbar r. an occasional r. articulating with the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra.
r. notching a smooth defect in the lower border of one or more upper r.'s caused by enlarged intercostal collateral vessels, most often a sign of coarctation of the aorta.
slipping r. subluxation of a r. cartilage, with costochondral separation.
true r.'s seven upper ribs on either side whose cartilages articulate directly with the sternum.costae verae [NA], vertebrosternal r.'s;
vertebral r.'s floating r.'s
vertebrochondral r.'s false r.'s
vertebrosternal r.'s true r.'s
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See ribo-.
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1-beta-d-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide;a synthetic nucleoside antiviral agent which, by its inhibitory effect on the synthesis of guanosine 5´-phosphate, inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis.
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1-a-d-ribofuranosyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole;the benzimidazole nucleoside in vitamin B12.
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Moritz W.H., German pathologist, 1855-1920. See R.'s theory.
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A ribbon-shaped structure. [M. E. riban]
Reil's r. medial lemniscus
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François, French physician, 1765-1845. See R.'s ganglion.
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HOCH2(CHOH)3CH2OH;reduction product of ribose (-CHO at position 1 of ribose reduced to -CH2OH).adonitol;
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The radical of ribitol; a constituent of riboflavin.
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1. Ribose. 2. As an italicized prefix to the systematic name of a monosaccharide, ribo- indicates that the configuration of a set of three consecutive, but not necessarily contiguous, CHOH (or asymmetric) groups is that of ribose; e.g., d-ribose, a trivial name, is d-ribo-pentose in systematic nomenclature. [German Ribose]
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7,8-dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine;a heat-stable factor of the vitamin B complex whose isoalloxazine nucleotides are coenzymes of the flavodehydrogenases. The daily human requirement is 1.7 mg for adult men and 1.3 mg for adult women, with a higher daily requirement during pregnancy and lactation; dietary sources include green vegetables, liver, kidneys, wheat germ, milk, eggs, cheese, and fish.flavin (1), flavine, lactoflavin (2), vitamin B2 (1);
r. kinase a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the formation of flavin mononucleotide (r. phosphate) from r., utilizing ATP as phosphorylating agent.flavokinase;
methylol r. a mixture of methylol derivatives of r. formed by the action of formaldehyde on r. in weakly alkaline solution; it has the same action as r., but is preferred for parenteral administration.
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flavin mononucleotide
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The 1,4 cyclic furan form of ribose.
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adenosine
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cytidine
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guanosine
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nebularine
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ribothymidine
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uridine
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psicose
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A transferase or phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid. See also ribonuclease (pancreatic), ribonuclease (Bacillus subtilis).ribonucleinase;
RNase A ribonuclease (pancreatic).
alkaline RNase ribonuclease (pancreatic).
RNase alpha an enzyme catalyzing endonucleolytic cleavage of O-methylated RNA yielding 5´-phosphomonoesters.
r. D (RNase D) an enzyme (endonuclease) that trims the extra 3' nucleotides from immature tRNA.
Escherichia coli RNase I RNase T2
RNase I ribonuclease (pancreatic).
RNase II [EC 3.1.13.1] an enzyme cleaving RNA exonucleolytically in the 3´ to 5´ direction, yielding 5´-phosphomononucleotides. See also microbial RNase II.
RNase III an enzyme catalyzing endonucleolytic cleavage of double-stranded RNA yielding 5´-phosphomonoesters.
microbial RNase II RNase T2
RNase N1 RNase T1
RNase N2 RNase T2
RNase P an enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage tRNA precursors to yield 5´-phosphomonoesters.
r. P (RNase P) an enzyme (endonuclease) that trims the extra 5' nucleotides from immature tRNA; a protein RNA complex.
pancreatic RNase See ribonuclease (pancreatic).
plant RNase RNase T2
RNase T1 a nuclease endonucleolytically cleaving ribonucleic acids at the 3´-5´ link of a guanosine 3´-phosphate residue, producing oligonucleotides terminating in this nucleotide; a transferase (endonuclease) in the first (cyclizing) step, a phosphodiesterase on the second (hydrolyzing) step.guanyloribonuclease, RNase N1;
RNase T2 an enzyme endonucleolytically cleaving RNA to 3´-nucleotides with 2´,3´-cyclic nucleotides as intermediates.Escherichia coli RNase I, microbial RNase II, plant RNase, RNase N2;
RNase U2 an enzyme endonucleolytically cleaving RNA to 3´-phospho-mono- and oligonucleotides ending in adenylate or guanylate residues with 2´,3´-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
RNase U4 yeast RNase
yeast RNase an enzyme catalyzing the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to yield 3´-phosphomononucleotides.RNase U4;
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1. Ribonuclease (Azotobacter agilis); ribonuclease (Proteus mirabilis); an enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to yield 2´,3´-cyclic nucleotides. 2. Ribonuclease T1.
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An enzyme that transfers the 3´-phosphate of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide residue in a polynucleotide from the 5´-position of the adjoining nucleotide to the 2´-position of the pyrimidine nucleotide itself (a transferase, endonuclease action), thus breaking the chain and forming a pyrimidine 2´,3´-cyclic phosphate, then (or independently) hydrolyzing this phosphodiester to leave a pyrimidine nucleoside 3´-phosphate residue (phosphodiesterase action); used in cytochemistry to selectively degrade and remove RNA as a control for staining of RNA.
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A macromolecule consisting of ribonucleoside residues connected by phosphate from the 3´-hydroxyl of one to the 5´-hydroxyl of the next nucleoside. RNA is found in all cells, in both nuclei and cytoplasm and in particulate and nonparticulate form, and also in many viruses; polynucleotides made in vitro are generally called such. Various RNA fractions are identified by location, form, or function.
acceptor RNA transfer RNA
antisense RNA the transcription product of the DNA antisense strand; it can play a role in the inhibition of translation. See also antisense DNA.
chromosomal RNA RNA associated with the chromosome (not mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA) that may have a role in transcription.
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) an ill-defined form of RNA, of high molecular weight, that never leaves the nucleus and is thought to be the precursor of messenger RNA.
informational RNA messenger RNA
initiation tRNA tRNA in prokaryotes containing a formyl-methionyl residue that initiates translation.formyl-methionyl-tRNA, starter tRNA;
messenger RNA (mRNA) the RNA reflecting the exact nucleoside sequence of the genetically active DNA and carrying the "message" of the latter, coded in its sequence, to the cytoplasmic areas where protein is made in amino acid sequences specified by the mRNA, and hence primarily by the DNA; viral RNA's are considered to be natural messenger RNA's.informational RNA, template RNA;
messenger-like RNA (mlRNA) See heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
nuclear RNA (nRNA) rNA found in nuclei, or associated with DNA, or with nuclear structures (nucleoli).
RNA polymerase See nucleotidyltransferases.
ribosomal RNA the RNA of ribosomes and polyribosomes.
small nuclear RNA (snRNA) small RNA, i.e., about 90 to 300 nucleotides long in the nucleus believed to have a role in RNA processing and cellular architecture.
soluble RNA (sRNA) transfer RNA [soluble in molar salt]
starter tRNA initiation tRNA
suppressor tRNA the tRNA associated with a suppressor mutation.
template RNA messenger RNA
transfer RNA (tRNA) short-chain RNA molecules present in cells in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid (see aminoacyl-tRNA). By joining (through their anticodons) with particular spots (codons) along the messenger RNA molecule and carrying their amino acyl residues along, they lead to the formation of protein molecules with a specific amino acid arrangement-the one ultimately dictated by a segment of DNA in the chromosomes. Each tRNA has about 80 nucleotides (MW about 25,000); most of the 20 varieties occur in multiple "isoacceptor" forms, separable by chromatography. Further subvarieties exist in different strains of an organism, in subcellular organelles, in different metabolic states, etc. Cognate tRNA's are the tRNA's recognized by the specific amino acyl-tRNA synthetases.acceptor RNA, soluble RNA;
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ribonuclease
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A combination of ribonucleic acid and protein.
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A nucleoside in which the sugar component is ribose; the common r.'s of RNA are adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine.
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A nucleotide (nucleoside phosphate) in which the sugar component is ribose; the major r.'s of RNA are adenylic acid, cytidylic acid, guanylic acid, and uridylic acid.
r. reductase a protein complex that converts ribonucleotide diphosphates (NDPs) such as ADP and CDP to 2´-deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates (dNDPs) such as dADP and dCDP. This complex requires thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH. It is crucial for DNA synthesis.
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Ribosome receptor proteins that interact specifically with the large ribosomal subunit and aid in translocation of newly synthesized proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum. [ribonucleic acid + G. phoros, carrying, + -in]
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The 1,5-cyclic form of ribose.
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The pentose that, as the d-isomer, is present in ribonucleic acid; epimers of d-r. are d-arabinose, d-xylose, and l-lyxose.
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Ribose phosphorylated on carbon-5; an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
r.-5-p. isomerase an enzyme catalyzing interconversion of d-ribose 5-phosphate and d-ribulose 5-phosphate; of importance in ribose metabolism and in the pentose phosphate pathway.phosphopentose isomerase, phosphoriboisomerase;
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The product formed by replacement of the H of the C-1 OH of ribose by an alcohol residue (which may be another sugar); differs from ribosyl compounds and does not occur in ribonucleic acids, where the radical is a ribosyl (1-OH missing entirely). See structure for methyl beta-d-ribofuranoside below.
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A granule of ribonucleoprotein, 120 to 150 Å in diameter, that is the site of protein synthesis from aminoacyl-tRNAs as directed by mRNAs.Palade granule;
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The enhanced urinary excretion of d-ribose; commonly one manifestation of muscular dystrophy. [ribose + G. ouron, urine]
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The radical formed by loss of the hemiacetal OH group from either of the two cyclic forms of ribose (yielding ribofuranosyl and ribopyranosyl compounds), by combination with an H of an -NH- or a -CH- group; the natural nucleosides are ribosyl compounds, not ribosides, as the bond between ribose and aglycon is C-N or C-C, not -C-O-X-.
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The covalent attachment of one or more ribosyl groups to a molecule (usually a macromolecule).
ADP r. covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl moiety to a macromolecule; e.g., the action of diphtheria toxin.
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orotidine
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nebularine
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ribothymidine
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5-methyluridine;the ribosyl analog of thymidine (deoxyribosylthymine); a nucleoside found in small amounts in ribonucleic acids.ribofuranosylthymine, ribosylthymidine;
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Ribothymidine 5´-phosphate;the ribose analog of thymidylic acid; a rare component of transfer RNAs.
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A corruption of riboside, by analogy with nucleoside-nucleotide, to mean ribonucleotide.
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RNA virus
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A catalytic type of RNA.
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A nonprotein biocatalyst; several cleave precursors of tRNA to yield functional tRNAs; others act on rRNA; plays a key role in intron splicing events.organic catalyst (1), RNA enzyme; [ribonucleic acid + -zyme]
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d-erythro-Pentulose; d-adonose; d-erythro-2-ketopentose;the 2-keto isomer of ribose. As the 5-phosphate, it participates in the pentose monophosphate shunt; as the 1,5-bisphosphate, it combines with CO2 at the start of the photosynthetic process in green plants ("carbon dioxide trap"); d-r. is the epimer of d-xylulose.
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A dimerizing carboxy-lyase; an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of carbon dioxide to d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and the hydrolysis of the addition product to two molecules of 3-d-phosphoglyceric acid, a key reaction in the fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis.carboxydismutase;
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An enzyme catalyzing the reversible interconversion of d-xylulose 5-phosphate and its epimer, d-ribulose 5-phosphate; a step in the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.phosphoribulose epimerase;
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Annibale, Italian astrophysicist, 1844-1919. See R.'s law.
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The grain of Oryza sativa (family Gramineae), the rice plant; a food; also used, finely pulverized, as a dusting powder. [G. oryza]
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Arnold R., U.S. pathologist, 1893-1968. See Hamman-R. syndrome.
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Felix Adolphe, Paris surgeon, 1822-1872. See R.'s fringes, under fringe.
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Barry Wyndham, 20th century English physician.
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John Clifford, Canadian neurologist, *1909. See Steele-R.-Olszewski disease, syndrome.
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See under syndrome.
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August G., German surgeon, 1742-1812. See R.'s hernia; R.-Monro line; Monro-R. line.
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Maurice N., U.S. pathologist, *1897. See R.'s syndrome.
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A highly toxic lectin and hemagglutin occurring in the seeds (castor beans) of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis; if eaten, acts as a violent irritant and may be fatal; an N-glycosidase that acts on the GOS subunit of rRNA.
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Poisoning by ingestion of toxic principles from seeds (castor beans) or leaves of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis.
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A salt of ricinoleic acid.
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C18H34O3; [R - Z]-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid;an unsaturated hydroxy acid present in castor oil.
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A genus of plants (family Euphorbiaceae) with one species, R. communis, the castor oil plant, the source of castor oil; the leaves are said to be a galactagogue.castor bean; [L.]
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A disease due to vitamin-D deficiency and characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, with associated skeletal deformities, disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia, and sometimes tetany; usually accompanied by irritability, listlessness, and generalized muscular weakness; fractures are frequent.infantile osteomalacia, juvenile osteomalacia, rachitis; [E. wrick, to twist]
acute r. hemorrhagic r
adult r. osteomalacia
celiac r. arrested growth, and osseous deformities associated with defective absorption of fat and calcium in celiac disease.
familial hypophosphatemic r. vitamin D-resistant r
hemorrhagic r. bone changes seen in infantile scurvy, consisting of subperiosteal hemorrhage and deficient osteoid tissue formation; often used to indicate simultaneous occurrence of r. and scurvy.acute r;
hereditary hypophosphatemic r. with hypercalciuria, an inherited disorder in which there is a defect in renal tubular reabsorption.
late r. osteomalacia
refractory r. r. that does not respond to treatment with usual doses of vitamin D and adequate dietary calcium and phosphorus. Most often due to inherited renal tubular disorder e.g., Fanconi syndrome.
renal r. a form of r. occurring in children in association with and apparently caused by renal disease with hyperphosphatemia.pseudorickets, renal fibrocystic osteosis, renal infantilism, renal osteitis fibrosa;
scurvy r. infantile scurvy
vitamin D-resistant r. a group of disorders characterized by hypophosphatemic osteomalacia; heritable renal tubular disorders and abnormalities in vitamin-D metabolism occur in some patients. There is an autosomal dominant form [MIM*193100] and an X-linked form [MIM*307800]; neither is responsive to standard therapeutic doses of vitamin D, but they may respond to very large doses of phosphate and of vitamin D. There is also an autosomal recessive form [MIM*277440] which is apparently due to end organ insensitivity.familial hypophosphatemic r;
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Howard T., U.S. pathologist, 1871-1910. See Rickettsia.
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A genus of bacteria (order Rickettsiales) containing small (nonfilterable), often pleomorphic, coccoid to rod-shaped, Gram-negative organisms that usually occur intracytoplasmically in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites but do not grow in cell-free media; pathogenic species are parasitic in man and other animals, causing epidemic typhus, murine or endemic typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tsutsugamushi disease, rickettsialpox, and other diseases; type species is R. prowazekii. [Howard T. Ricketts]
R. ak´ari a species causing human rickettsialpox; transmitted by the house mouse mite, Liponyssoides sanguineus; a mild febrile disease of 7 to 10 days is produced with an urban distribution in the northeastern U.S. and in wild or commensal rodents in the countries of the former USSR and Africa.
R. austral´is a species causing a spotted fever, North Queensland tick typhus, clinically and serologically similar to the disease caused by the agent of rickettsialpox; Ixodes holocyclus and I. tasmani are probable vectors. Small marsupials are suspected reservoirs of this agent, which is found over much of coastal Queensland, especially in secondary scrub and savannah.
R. burnet´ii former name for Coxiella burnetii.
R. canis former name for Ehrlichia canis.
R. conorii a widespread African species probably causing boutonneuse fever in humans, transmitted by various ticks, such as the dog tick Rhipicephalis sanguineus, as well as ticks serve as the reservoir of human infection.
R. mooseri a species similar to R. prowazekii but with less variation in appearance; the resultant endemic typhus is milder and has a somewhat slower onset.
R. prowazek´ii a species causing epidemic and recrudescent typhus, transmitted by body lice; type species of the genus R.
R. psi´ttaci former name for Chlamydia psittaci.
R. ricketts´ii the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, South African tick-bite fever, São Paulo exanthematic typhus of Brazil, Tobia fever of Colombia, and spotted fevers of Minas Gerais and Mexico; transmitted by infected ixodid ticks, especially Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis.
R. ruminantium former name for Cowdria ruminantium.
R. sennet´su Ehrlichia sennetsu
R. sibir´ica the agent of Siberian or North Asian tick typhus, transmitted by various ixodid ticks, which also serve as reservoirs, possibly aided by rodents and hares; the disease resembles Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
R. tsutsugamu´shi a species causing tsutsugamushi disease and scrub typhus; transmitted by trombiculid mites.
R. ty´phi a species causing murine or endemic typhus fever, transmitted by the rat flea.
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Pertaining to or caused by rickettsiae.
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Infection with Rickettsia akari, which is spread by mites from reservoir in mice; a benign self-limited process first recognized in 1956 in the area of New York City called Kew Gardens, a few limited outbreaks observed elsewhere since.Kew Gardens fever, mite-born typhus, vesicular rickettsiosis;
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Infection with rickettsiae.
vesicular r. rickettsialpox
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An agent inhibitory to the growth of Rickettsia. [Rickettsia + G. statikos, bringing to a standstill]
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rachitic
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Norman H., U.S. oral pathologist, *1920. See R. test.
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Abbreviation for radial immunodiffusion.
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Samuel, English chemist and bacteriologist, 1863-1929. See R.-Walker coefficient, method.
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See under operation.
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1. A (usually rough) linear elevation. See also crest. 2. In dentistry, any linear elevation on the surface of a tooth. 3. The remainder of the alveolar process and its soft tissue covering after the teeth are removed. [A. S. hyrcg, back, spine]
alveolar r. alveolar process
apical ectodermal r. the layer of surface ectodermal cells at the apex of the embryonic limb bud; considered to exert an inductive influence on the condensation of underlying mesenchyme.
basal r. 1. alveolar process 2. cingulum of tooth
bicipital r.'s crest of greater tubercle, crest of lesser tubercle
buccocervical r. a convexity within the cervical third of the buccal surface of molars.
buccogingival r. a distinct r. on the buccal surface of a deciduous molar tooth, approximately 1.5 mm from the crown-root junction.
bulbar r. one of two spiral subendocardial thickenings in the embryonic bulbus cordis; when they fuse, they divide the bulbus into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
bulboventricular r. an elevation on the inner surface of the embryonic heart at four to five weeks; it indicates the division between the developing ventricles and the bulbus cordis.
dental r. the prominent border of a cusp or margin of a tooth.
epidermal r.'s ridges of the epidermis of the palms and soles, where the sweat pores open.cristae cutis [NA], skin r.'s;
epipericardial r. an elevation separating the developing pharyngeal region from the embryonic pericardium.
external oblique r. a horizontal bony crest on the external surface of the body of the mandible, inferior to the alveolar bone, marking the site of attachment of the buccinator muscle.
ganglion r. neural crest
genital r. gonadal r
gluteal r. gluteal tuberosity
gonadal r. an elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros; the primordial germ cells become embedded in it, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary.genital r;
interpapillary r.'s rete r.'s
key r. zygomaxillare
lateral epicondylar r. lateral supracondylar r
lateral supracondylar r. the distal sharp portion of the lateral margin of the humerus.crista supracondylaris lateralis [NA], lateral epicondylar crest, lateral epicondylar r., lateral supracondylar crest;
linguocervical r. linguogingival r
linguogingival r. a r. occurring on the lingual surface, near the cervix, of the incisor and cuspid teeth.linguocervical r;
Mall's r.'s rarely used eponym for pulmonary r.'s.
mammary r. bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending on either side from just below the axilla to the inguinal region; in human embryos, the mammary glands arise from primordia in the thoracic part of the r., the balance of the r. disappearing; in some lower mammals which give birth to a litter of young, several milk glands develop along these lines.mammary fold, milk line, milk r;
marginal r. marginal crest
medial epicondylar r. medial supracondylar r
medial supracondylar r. the distal sharp portion of the medial margin of the humerus.crista supracondylaris medialis [NA], medial epicondylar crest, medial epicondylar r., medial supracondylar crest;
mesonephric r. a r. which, in early human embryos, comprises the entire urogenital r.; however, later in development a more medial genital r., the potential gonad, is demarcated from it. See also urogenital r.mesonephric fold;
milk r. mammary r
mylohyoid r. mylohyoid line
nasal r. agger nasi
oblique r. a r. on the masticatory surface of an upper molar tooth from the mesiolingual to the distobuccal cusp.
oblique r. of trapezium tubercle of trapezium
palatine r. palatine raphe
Passavant's r. Passavant's cushion
pectoral r. crest of greater tubercle
pharyngeal r. palatopharyngeal sphincter
primitive r. one of the paired r.'s on either side of the primitive groove.
pronator r. an oblique r. on the anterior surface of the ulna, giving attachment to the pronator quadratus muscle.
pterygoid r. of sphenoid bone infratemporal crest
pulmonary r.'s a pair of r.'s overlying the common cardinal veins and bulging from the lateral body wall into the embryonic celom; so called because they give early indication of where the pleuropericardial folds will develop.
residual r. that portion of the processus alveolaris remaining in the edentulous mouth following resorption of the section containing the alveoli.
rete r.'s downward thickening of the epidermis between the dermal papillae; peg is a misnomer because the dermal papillae are cylindrical but the epidermal thickening between papillae is not.interpapillary r.'s, rete pegs;
skin r.'s epidermal r.'s
sphenoidal r.'s sharp posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone which end medially in the anterior clinoid process; the sphenoidal r.'s demarcate the anterior cranial fossa from the lateral part of the middle cranial fossa.
superciliary r. superciliary arch
supplemental r. a r. on the surface of a tooth that is not normally present.
supraorbital r. supraorbital margin
taste r. one of the r.'s surrounding the vallate papillae of the tongue.
temporal r. inferior temporal line, superior temporal line
transverse r. crista transversalis
transverse palatine r. transverse palatine fold
trapezoid r. trapezoid line
triangular r. crista triangularis
urogenital r. one of the paired longitudinal r.'s developing in the dorsal body wall of the embryo on either side of the dorsal mesentery; the r. is formed at first by the growing mesonephros and later by the mesonephros and the gonad.genital fold, wolffian r;
wolffian r. urogenital r
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Humphrey, English anatomist, 1653-1708. See R.'s circle, sinus; circulus venosus ridleyi.
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Bernhard M.C.L., German surgeon, 1846-1916. See R.'s disease, lobe, struma, thyroiditis.
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Hermann, German pathologist, 1858-1932. See R. cells, under cell, cell leukemia; R.'s lymphocyte.
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Franz, German physician, 1843-1904. See R.'s pulse.
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Herwigh, German ophthalmologist. See R.'s anomaly, syndrome.
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Gustav, Austrian dermatologist, 1855-1943. See R.'s melanosis.
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Abbreviation for resistance-inducing factor.
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rifampin
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Rifaldazine; 3-[(4-methylpiperazinyl)iminomethyl] rifamycin SV;an antibiotic antibacterial agent used in the treatment of tuberculosis; a powerful inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymes.rifampicin;
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A complex antibiotic, isolated from Nocardia mediterranei, that is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus; it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and often causes irritation and severe pain at the sites of injection.
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Antonio, Italian physician, 1832-1919. See R.-Fede disease.
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dextrocular
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dextropedal
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Denoting the habitual or more skillful use of the right hand for writing and most manual operations.dextral, dextromanual;
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1. Stiffness or inflexibility.rigor (1); 2. In psychiatry and clinical psychology, an aspect of personality characterized by an individual's resistance to change. [L. rigidus, rigid, inflexible]
anatomic r. r. of the cervix uteri in labor, not due to any pathologic infiltration.
cadaveric r. rigor mortis
catatonic r. r. associated with catatonic psychotic states in which all muscles exhibit flexibilitas cerea.
cerebellar r. increased tone of the extensor muscles, related to injury of the vermis of the cerebellum.
clasp-knife r. clasp-knife spasticity
cogwheel r. a type of r. seen in parkinsonism in which the muscles respond with cogwheel-like jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb.
decerebrate r. a postural change that occurs in some comatose patients, consisting of episodes of opisthotonos, rigid extension of the limbs, internal rotation of the upper extremities, and marked plantar flexion of the feet; produced by a variety of metabolic and structural brain disorders.decerebrate state;
decorticate r. a unilateral or bilateral postural change, consisting of the upper extremities flexed and adducted and the lower extremities in rigid extension; due to structural lesions of the thalamus, internal capsule, or cerebral white matter.decorticate state;
lead-pipe r. the plastic type of r. resembling that of a pipe of lead seen in certain forms of parkinsonism.
ocular r. the resistance offered by the eyeball to a change in intraocular volume; manifested as a change in intraocular pressure.
pathologic r. r. of the cervix uteri in labor, due to fibrosis, scarring, cancer, or other condition.
postmortem r. rigor mortis
scleral r. the resistance of the eye to changes in shape with changes in intraocular pressure.
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1. rigidity (1) 2. chill (2) [L. stiffness]
acid r. coagulation of muscle protein induced by acids.
calcium r. arrest of the heart in the fully contracted state as a result of poisoning with calcium.
heat r. coagulation of muscle protein induced by heat.
r. mor´tis stiffening of the body, from 1 to 7 hours after death, from hardening of the muscular tissues in consequence of the coagulation of the myosinogen and paramyosinogen; it disappears after from 1 to 5 or 6 days, or when decomposition begins.cadaveric rigidity, postmortem rigidity;
myocardial r. mortis ischemic contracture of the left ventricle
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Conrad M., U.S. pediatrician, *1913. See R.-Day syndrome.
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Harris D., Jr., 20th century U.S. physician. See Smith-R. syndrome.
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A margin, border, or edge, usually circular in form.
bite r. occlusion r
occlusal r. occlusion r
occlusion r. occluding surfaces built on temporary or permanent denture bases for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relation records and for arranging teeth.bite r., occlusal r., record r;
orbital r. the mostly sharp edge of the orbital opening which is the peripheral border of the base of the pyramid-shaped orbit. The superior half of the orbital r. is the supraorbital margin; the inferior half is the infraorbital margin. The frontal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones contribute to the orbital r., which is generally strong to protect the orbital contents. Weak, potential fracture sites of the r. coincide with the sutures between the participating bones.margin of orbit;
record r. occlusion r
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A slit or fissure, or narrow elongated opening between two symmetrical parts. [L. a slit]
r. glot´tidis [NA] the interval between the true vocal cords.glottis vera, r. vocalis, true glottis;
r. o´ris [NA] the mouth slit; the aperture of the mouth.oral fissure;
r. palpebra´rum [NA] the lid slit, or fissure between the eye lids.palpebral fissure;
r. puden´di [NA] pudendal cleft
r. respirato´ria r. vestibuli
r. vestib´uli [NA] the interval between the false vocal cords or vestibular folds.false glottis, glottis spuria, r. respiratoria;
r. voca´lis r. glottidis
r. vul´vae pudendal cleft
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An antiviral agent resembling amantadine in its activity but seemingly with fewer central nervous system adverse reactions.
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See under test.
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Fissured; marked by cracks in all directions, like the crackle of porcelain. [L. rimosus, fr. rima, a fissure]
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A minute slit or fissure. [L. dim. of rima]
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An acute, highly contagious, disease caused by rinderpest virus of the genus Morbillivirus and characterized by severe necrotizing inflammation of the alimentary canal and severe diarrhea; all ruminants and pigs are susceptible but natural infection occurs commonly only in cattle and buffaloes, sometimes in epizootic proportions.cattle plague; [Ger. rinder, cattle]
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Georg E., German physician, 1836-1908. See R.'s cells, under cell, folds, under fold.
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1. A circular band surrounding a wide central opening; a ring-shaped or circular structure surrounding an opening or level area. 2. In anatomy, annulus; sometimes anulus when used as an official alternate Nomina Anatomica term. 3. The closed (i.e., endless) chain of atoms in a cyclic compound; commonly used for "cyclic" or "cycle". 4. A marginal growth on the upper surface of a broth culture of bacteria, adhering to the sides of the test tube in the form of a circle.annulus [NA], anulus [NA]; [A.S. hring]
abdominal r. deep inguinal r
amnion r. the r. formed by the attachment of the amnion to the umbilical cord at its point of emergence from the umbilicus.
annuloplasty r. the dilated annulus is sutured, often to a prosthetic r., thereby reducing it to its normal systolic size.
anterior limiting r. the periphery of the cornea marking the termination of Descemet's membrane and the anterior border of the trabecular meshwork; an important landmark in gonioscopy.Schwalbe's r;
Balbani r. an extremely large puff at a band of a polytene chromosome.
Bandl's r. pathologic retraction r
benzene r. the closed-chain arrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the benzene molecule. See also cyclic compound.
Bickel's r. lymphoid r
Cannon's r. Cannon's point
cardiac lymphatic r. lymphatic r. of cardiac part of stomach
casting r. refractory flask
choroidal r. a lightly pigmented crescent or r. adjacent to the optic disk.
ciliary r. orbiculus ciliaris
common tendinous r. a fibrous ring that surrounds the optic canal and the medial part of the superior orbital fissure; it gives origin to the four rectus muscles of the eye and is partially fused with the sheath of the optic nerve.annulus tendineus communis [NA], Zinn's ligament, Zinn's r., Zinn's tendon;
conjunctival r. a narrow ring at the junction of the periphery of the cornea with the conjunctiva.annulus conjunctivae [NA];
constriction r. 1. true spastic stricture of the uterine cavity resulting when a zone of muscle goes into local tetanic contraction and forms a tight constriction about some part of the fetus; 2. amniotic bands, under band
crural r. femoral r
deep inguinal r. the opening in the transversalis fascia through which the ductus deferens (or round ligament in the female) and gonadal vessels enter the inguinal canal. Located midway between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, it is bounded medially by the lateral umbilical ligament (inferior epigastric vessels) and inferiorly by the inguinal ligament. Indirect inguinal hernias exit the abdominal cavity via the deep inguinal r.annulus inguinalis profundus [NA], abdominal r., annulus abdominalis, internal inguinal r;
Donders' r.'s an obsolete term for the iridescent r.'s or haloes observed by a cloudy cornea due to acute glaucoma.
external inguinal r. superficial inguinal r
femoral r. the superior opening of the femoral canal, bounded anteriorly by the inguinal ligament, posteriorly by the pectineus muscle, medially by the lacunar ligament, and laterally by the femoral vein. Passageway by which many lymphatics from lower limb pass to abdomen. Accommodates enlargement of femoral vein in Valsalva maneuver. Often occupied by a lymph node (Cloquet's) and is the site of femoral hernias.annulus femoralis [NA], crural r;
fibrocartilaginous r. of tympanic membrane the thickened portion of the circumference of the tympanic membrane that is fixed in the tympanic sulcus.annulus fibrocartilagineus membranae tympani [NA], Gerlach's annular tendon;
fibrous r. 1. fibrous r. of heart 2. annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc
fibrous r. of heart one of four fibrous r.'s that surround atrioventricular and arterial orifices of the heart, providing attachment for the valve leaflets and maintaining patency of the orifice. As part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, the fibrous r.'s also provide origin and insertion for the myocardium.annulus fibrosus cordis [NA], annulus fibrosus (1) [NA], coronary tendon, fibrous r. (1), Lower's r;
fibrous r. of intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc
Fleischer's r. an incomplete ring often present at the base of the keratoconus cone; it may be yellow or greenish from deposition of hemosiderin.
Fleischer-Strumpell r. Kayser-Fleischer r
Flieringa's r. a stainless steel r. sutured to the sclera to prevent collapse of the globe in difficult intraocular operations.
glaucomatous r. glaucomatous halo (1) See Donders' r.'s.
Graefenberg r. obsolete term for a silver or silkworm gut r. designed for insertion into the uterine cavity as a means of contraception.
greater r. of iris the outer, broader of the two zones of the iris.annulus iridis major;
Imlach's r. that part of the inguinal canal which lodges the round ligament of the uterus.
internal inguinal r. deep inguinal r
r. of iris either of two zones on the anterior surface of the iris, separated by a circular line concentric with the pupillary border.annulus iridis;
Kayser-Fleischer r. a greenish yellow pigmented r. encircling the cornea just within the corneoscleral margin, seen in hepatolenticular degeneration, due to copper deposited in Descemet's membrane.Fleischer-Strumpell r;
lesser r. of iris the narrow inner zone of the iris.annulus iridis minor;
Liesegang r.'s colored r.'s of precipitated silver chromate formed when a drop of concentrated silver nitrate is added to the surface of a gel (such as gelatin, agar, or silica gel) containing potassium dichromate.
Lower's r. fibrous r. of heart
lymphatic r. of cardiac part of stomach a group of lymph nodes surrounding the cardia of the stomach.annulus lymphaticus cardiae [NA], cardiac lymphatic r;
lymphoid r. the broken r. of lymphoid tissue, formed of the lingual, faucial, and pharyngeal tonsils.Bickel's r., tonsillar r., Waldeyer's throat r;
neonatal r. neonatal line
pathologic retraction r. a constriction located at the junction of the thinned lower uterine segment with the thick retracted upper uterine segment, resulting from obstructed labor; this is one of the classic signs of threatened rupture of the uterus.Bandl's r., Baudelocque's uterine circle, Scanzoni's second os;
physiologic retraction r. a ridge on the inner uterine surface at the boundary line between the upper and lower uterine segment that occurs in the course of normal labor.
polar r. a thickened, electron-dense ring at the anterior end of certain stages of the Apicomplexa; part of the apical complex characteristic of these sporozoans.
Schatzki's r. a contraction r. or incomplete mucosal diaphragm in the lower third of the esophagus which is occasionally symptomatic.
Schwalbe's r. anterior limiting r
scleral r. the appearance of the sclera adjacent to the optic disk when the retinal pigment epithelium does not extend to the optic nerve.
signet r. the early stage of trophozoite development of the malaria parasite in the red blood cell; the parasite cytoplasm stains blue around its circular margin, and the nucleus stains red in Romanowsky stains, while the central vacuole is clear, giving the ringlike appearance.
r. of Soemmerring a mass of lenticular fibers enclosed between the anterior and posterior portion of the lenticular capsule, leaving the pupillary area relatively free.
subcutaneous r. superficial inguinal r
superficial inguinal r. the slit-like opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdominal wall through which the spermatic cord (round ligament in the female) and inguinal hernias emerge from the inguinal canal. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle.annulus inguinalis superficialis [NA], external inguinal r., subcutaneous r;
tonsillar r. lymphoid r
tracheal r. tracheal cartilages, under cartilage
tympanic r. in the fetus, a more or less complete bony ring at the medial end of the cartilaginous external acoustic meatus, to which is attached the tympanic membrane.annulus tympanicus [NA], tympanic bone;
umbilical r. an opening in the linea alba through which pass the umbilical vessels in the fetus; in young embryos it is relatively nearer to the pubis, but gradually ascends to the center of the abdomen; it is closed in the adult, its site being indicated by the umbilicus or navel.annulus umbilicalis [NA], canalis umbilicalis;
vascular r. anomalous arteries (aortic arches) congenitally encircling the trachea and esophagus, at times producing pressure symptoms.
Vieussens' r. limbus fossae ovalis
Vossius' lenticular r. a ring-shaped opacity found on the anterior lens capsule after contusion of the eye, due to pigment and blood.
Waldeyer's throat r. lymphoid r
Zinn's r. common tendinous r
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Exostoses involving either the first or second phalanx of the horse, sometimes differentiated into high and low r., usually found in the foreleg; lameness may or may not result.
false r. an exostosis on the middle or upper part of the long pastern bone in the horse.
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Sydney, English physiologist, 1835-1910. See R.'s injection, solution; lactated R. injection; Krebs-R. solution; Locke-R. solution.
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A circular or oval ring with internal cutting edge, on the model of the carpenter's spoke-shave, for shaving off tumors in the nasal and other cavities.spoke-shave;
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tinea
r. of beard tinea barbae
black-dot r. tinea capitis due most commonly to Trichophyton tonsurans or T. violaceum.
r. of body tinea corporis
crusted r. favus
r. of foot tinea pedis
r. of genitocrural region tinea cruris
honeycomb r. favus
r. of nails onychomycosis
Oriental r. tinea imbricata
r. of scalp tinea capitis
scaly r. tinea imbricata
Tokelau r. tinea imbricata [Tokelau Islands in S. Pacific Ocean]
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Friedrich Heinrich A., German otologist, 1819-1868. See R.'s test.
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Jean, French anatomist and botanist, 1577-1657. See R.'s anastomosis, arc, arcades, under arcade, bones, under bone, bouquet, muscle.
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Relating to a ripa; marginal.
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Louis H.A., French physician, 1807-1856. See R.'s sign.
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Denoting progressive oxidation of dye solutions, as in the r. of hematoxylin solutions to hematein or of methylene blue to azure dyes.
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Abbreviation for radioiodinated serum albumin.
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The probability that an event will occur.
attributable r. the rate of a disease or other outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure.
competing r. an event that removes a subject from being at r. for an outcome under investigation.
empiric r. r. that is based on empirical evidence alone, without any appeal to formal theory or surmise.
radiation r.'s The r.'s to health posed by exposure to radiation. Exposure comes from both natural sources and from man-made ones (medical and occupational). See background radiation.Because any amount of radiation may cause cellular mutations, considerable effort has been made by government and independent researchers to establish exposure guidelines. In most cases, natural sources account for the bulk of received radiation, with artificial sources adding only a small percentage to the average annual dose. Public perception of the hazards of radiation is often at odds with scientific positions on the matter. In part, equivocal research results (as in attempts to assess the added cancer risk posed by mammograms) contribute to public fears. Some psychological studies have concluded that whether or not public fears of nuclear power plants and other radiation sources are justified, the added stress caused by such fears in itself constitutes a threat to health that should be addressed.
recurrence r. r. that a disease will occur elsewhere in a pedigree, given that at least one member of the pedigree (the proband) exhibits the disease.
relative r. the ratio of the r. of disease among those exposed to a r. factor, to the r. among those not exposed.
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Samuel D., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1845-1920. See R.'s rotary prism.
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See risorius muscle. [L. risor, a laughter, fr. rideo, pp. risus, to laugh]
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Abbreviation for radioimmunosorbent test.
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An antibiotic produced by the fermentation of Nocardia lurida, comprising two substances; r. A and r. B; it is useful against staphylococcic and enterococcic infections refractory to other antibiotics.
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The semblance of a grin caused by facial spasm especially in tetanus.canine spasm, cynic spasm, risus sardonicus, sardonic grin, spasmus caninus, trismus sardonicus; [L. risus, laugh + caninus, doglike]
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risus caninus [L. risus, laughter, + sardonicus, fr. G. sardanios, scornful, infl. by sardonios, Sardinian, ref. to effects of Strychnos nux-vomica, poisonous herb fr. Sardinia]
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Ferdinand August Marie Franz von, German obstetrician, 1787-1867. See R.'s maneuver.
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erythro-p-Hydroxy-a-{1-[(p-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]ethyl} benzyl alcohol;a sympathomimetic agent with beta2-adrenergic stimulant actions, used as a uterine relaxant.
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Johann W., German physicist, 1776-1810. See R.'s law, opening tetanus; R.-Rollet phenomenon.
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In psychiatry and psychology, any psychomotor activity (e.g., morbid handwashing) sustained by an individual to relieve anxiety or forestall its development; typically seen in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. [L. ritualis, fr. ritus, rite]
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Competition between two or more individuals for the same object or goal. [L. rivalis, competitor, rival]
binocular r. alteration in perception of portions of the visual field when the two eyes are simultaneously and rapidly exposed to targets containing dissimilar colors or borders.
r. of retina simultaneous excitation of corresponding retinal areas of each eye by stimuli that differ in size, color, shape, or luminance, making fusion impossible.
sibling r. jealous competition among children, especially for the attention, affection, and esteem of their parents; by extension, a factor in both normal and abnormal competitiveness throughout life.
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Mexican bindweed, a plant of the family Convulvulaceae, the seeds of which were used in ceremonies by Aztec Indians in Mexico and contain lysergic acid amide, isolysergic acid, lysergic acid monoethylamide, chanoclavine, and other indole alkaloids; several hundred seeds must be ingested to produce hallucinatory and euphoric effects.morning glory (2);
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See Rivière.
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José Manuel, Mexican cardiologist, *1905. See Carvallo's sign; Rivero-Carvallo effect.
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William H., English physician, 1864-1922. See R.'s cocktail.
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Lazare (Lazarus), French physician, 1589-1655. See R.'s salt.
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August Q., German anatomist, 1652-1723. See Rivinus' canals, under canal, Rivinus' ducts, under duct, Rivinus' gland, Rivinus' incisure, Rivinus' membrane, Rivinus' notch.
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A space between the closed lids and the eyeball through which the tears flow to the punctum lacrimale.Ferrein's canal; [L. rivus, stream, + Mediev. L. lacrimalis, fr. L. lacrima, a tear]
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Resembling rice grains. [Fr. riz, rice]
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Abbreviation for right lower lobe (of lung).
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Abbreviation for right lower quadrant (of abdomen).
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Abbreviation for right mentoanterior position.
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Abbreviation for right middle lobe (of lung).
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Abbreviation for right mentoposterior position.
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Abbreviation for right mentotransverse position.
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Abbreviation for respiratory minute volume.
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Abbreviation for registered nurse.
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Symbol for radon.
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Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid.For terms bearing this abbreviation, see subentries under ribonucleic acid
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Abbreviation for ribonuclease.For terms bearing this abbreviation, see subentries under ribonuclease
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Abbreviation for ribonuclease D.
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Abbreviation for ribonuclease P.
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splicing (2)
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Abbreviation for ribonucleoprotein.
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Abbreviation for right occipitoanterior position.
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F. Ewing, U.S. prosthodontist, 1868-1960. See R. clasp.
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See under syndrome.
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A loud, rough, whistling or roaring sound emitted upon inspiration during active exercise by a horse that is suffering from laryngeal hemiplegia; caused by unilateral or bilateral paralysis of certain laryngeal muscles due to injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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Heinrich, L.F., German gynecologist, 1814-1878. See R.'s pelvis.
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J.B., 20th century U.S. physician. See R. syndrome.
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Frank L., 20th century English anesthesiologist. See R. tube.
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Douglas Argyll, Scottish ophthalmologist, 1837-1909. See Argyll R. pupil; R. pupil.
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Pierre, French pediatrician, 1867-1950. See Pierre R. syndrome.
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Charles P., French physician, 1821-1885. See Virchow-R. space.
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Robert A., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, *1914. See Smith-R. operation.
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Brian F., 20th century British cardiologist. See R. index.
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Andrew, U.S. dermatologist, 1845-1924. See R.'s disease.
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See under catheter.
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Robert, English chemist, 1884-1941. See R. ester, ester dehydrogenase; R.-Embden ester.
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Rudolfo (Valverde), Guatemalan dermatologist, 1878-1939.
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Pertaining to or characteristic of a robot, an automatic mechanical device designed to duplicate a human function without direct human operation. [Czech robot, robot, fr. robota, drudgery, + -ic]
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See Mayo-Robson.
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In statistics, the degree to which the probability of drawing a wrong conclusion from the test result is not seriously affected by moderate departures from the assumptions implicit in the model on which the test is based. [L. robustus, hale, strong, fr. robur, oak, hard]
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Acronym for receiver operating characteristic, an analytic expression of accuracy. See ROC curve.
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archil
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A genus of bacteria (family Rickettsiaceae) closely resembling Rickettsia in staining properties, morphology, and mode of transmission between hosts. They usually reside in the extracellular environment in the arthropod host and can be cultivated in cell-free media. Related bacterium causes bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised humans, especially those with AIDS. The type species is R. quintana. [da Rocha-Lima, Brazilian microbiologist]
R. henselae a recently recognized species of the Rickettsiaceae family, causing bacillary angiomatosis and cat-scratch disease.
R. quintana a species that cause trench fever in humans. It is the type species of the genus Rochalimaea.
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Henri Gaston Louis, French surgeon, *1876. See R.'s sign.
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petroleum
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1. A straight slender cylindrical structure or device.For surgical rods, see also under nail; pin 2. The photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing r. cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such r.'s, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of r.'s and cones.rod cell of retina; [A.S. rod]
analyzing r. a device used with a surveyor to determine the relative positions of parallel surfaces and undercuts when designing removable partial dentures.
Auer r.'s Auer bodies, under body
basal r. costa (2)
Corti's r.'s pillar cells, under cell
enamel r.'s prismata adamantina, under prisma
germinal r. sporozoite
Maddox's r. a glass r., or a series of parallel glass r.'s, that converts the image of a light source into a streak of light perpendicular to the axis of the rod. The position of this streak in relation to the image of the light source seen by the fellow eye indicates the presence and amount of heterophoria.
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The rodents; the largest order of placental mammals (class Eutheria), all possessing one pair of chisel-like upper incisors for gnawing and flat-crowned premolars and molars for grinding; it includes the mice, rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, and many more. [Mod. L., fr. L. rodo, pres. p. rodens, to gnaw]
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An agent lethal to rodents. [rodent + L. caedo, to kill]
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erythromelalgia [G. rhodon, rose, + algos, pain]
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Wilhelm K., German physicist and Nobel laureate, 1845-1923. Discovered x-rays in November, 1895; awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery. See roentgen; roentgen ray.
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The international unit of exposure dose for x-rays or gamma rays; that quantity of radiation that will produce in 1 cm of air at STP, or 0.001293 g of air, 2.08 x 109 ions of both signs, each totaling 1 electrostatic unit (e.s.u.) of charge; in the MKS system this is 2.58 x 10-4 coulombs per kg of air. [W. K. Roentgen]
r.-equivalent-man (rem) a unit of dose equivalent to that quantity of ionizing radiation of any type that produces in man the same biologic effect as one rad of x-rays or gamma rays; the number of rems is equal to the absorbed dose, measured in rads, multiplied by the quality factor of the radiation in question.100 rem = 1 Sv.
r.-equivalent-physical (rep) obsolete unit of measurement; that quantity of ionizing radiation of any kind which, upon absorption by living tissue, produces an energy gain per gram of tissue equivalent to that produced by 1 r. of x-rays or gamma-rays. See rad.
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A record of the heart's movements taken with the roentgenkymograph.
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An apparatus for recording the movements of the heart and great vessels or of the diaphragm on a single film. It consists of a lead sheet called the grid in which are cut horizontal or vertical slits, typically less than 1 mm wide, spaced 1-2 cm apart. During an x-ray exposure lasting as long as several cardiac or respiratory cycles, the grid or the film is moved vertically to record cardiac motion or horizontally for diaphragm motion.
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An obsolete technique involving the recording of movements of the heart by means of the roentgenkymograph.
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radiograph
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radiograph
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radiography
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A person skilled in the diagnostic or therapeutic application of roentgen rays; a radiologist.
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The study of roentgen rays in all their applications. Radiology is the preferred term in the context of medical imaging.
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radiometer
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Measurement of an administered therapeutic or diagnostic dose and the penetrating power of x-rays.x-ray dosimetry;
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fluoroscope
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fluoroscopy
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radiotherapy
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See röteln.
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Georges Henri, French physiologist, 1860-1946. See R.'s reflex.
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Henri L., French physician, 1809-1891. See R.'s disease, murmur; bruit de R.; maladie de R.
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See under appliance.
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Oscar H., U.S. physician, 1857-1941. See R.'s sphygmomanometer.
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Karl, Swiss embryologist and gynecologist, *1863. See R.'s stria.
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See under index.
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Karl Freiherr von, Austrian pathologist, 1804-1878. See R.'s disease, hernia; R.-Aschoff sinuses, under sinus; Mayer-R.-Küster-Hauser syndrome.
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Relating to or described by Luigi Rolando.
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Luigi, Italian anatomist, 1773-1831. See R.'s angle, area, cells, under cell, column; rolandic epilepsy; R.'s gelatinous substance, tubercle; fissure of R.
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The pattern of behavior that a person exhibits in relationship to significant persons in his or her life; it has its roots in childhood and is influenced by significant people with whom the person has or had primary relationships. [Fr.]
complementary r. a r. in which the behavior pattern conforms with the expectations and demands of other people.
gender r. the sex of a child assigned by a parent; when opposite to the child's anatomical sex (e.g., due to genital ambiguity at birth or to the parents' strong wish for a child of the opposite sex), the basis is set for postpubertal dysfunctions. See sex r., sex reversal.
noncomplementary r. a r. that does not conform with the expectations and demands of other people.
sex r. the degree to which an individual acts out a stereotypical masculine or feminine r. in everyday behavior. Cf. gender r.
sick r. in medical sociology, the familially or culturally accepted behavior pattern or r. which one is permitted to exhibit during illness or disability, including sanctioned absence from school or work and a submissive, dependent relationship to family, health care personnel, and significant others.
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A psychotherapeutic method used in psychodrama to understand and treat emotional conflicts through the enactment or re-enactment of stressful interpersonal events. See psychodrama.
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N-(Pyrrolidinomethyl)tetracycline;a more soluble and less irritating derivative of tetracycline; uses and effectiveness are similar to those of tetracycline, and it may be administered intravenously or intramuscularly, which makes it useful when oral administration of a tetracycline is impossible or impracticable.
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A mass or structure in the shape of a roll.
iliac r. a sausage-shaped, often painful, nonfluctuating mass, with convexity to the right, palpable in the left iliac fossa, due to induration of the walls of the sigmoid flexure.
scleral r. scleral spur
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Christian F.W., German neurologist and psychiatrist, 1844-1978. See R.'s nucleus.
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See roller bandage.
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Sir Humphry D., British physician, 1862-1944. See R.'s rule.
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Alexander, Austrian physiologist, 1834-1903. See R.'s stroma; Ritter-R. phenomenon.
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Cecilio, Argentinian physician in Brazil, *1899. See R.'s sign.
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C., 20th century Italian physician. See Romano-Ward syndrome.
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Dimitri L., Russian physician, 1861-1921. See R.'s blood stain.
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Moritz H., German physician, 1795-1873. See R. test; R.'s disease; facial hemiatrophy of R.; R.'s sign, symptom, syndrome, trophoneurosis; R.-Howship symptom.
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Romberg's sign
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Paul H., German bacteriologist, 1876-1916. See R.'s test.
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A strong biting forceps for nipping away bone. [Fr. ronger, to gnaw]
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Henning K.T., Danish ophthalmologist, 1878-1947. See R.'s nasal step.
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A covering or rooflike structure; e.g., a tectorium, tectum, tegmen, tegmentum, integument. [A.S. hrof]
r. of fourth ventricle tegmen ventriculi quarti
r. of mouth palate
r. of orbit formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, the optic canal opens at its posterior limit; an indentation, the fossa for the lacrimal gland, is located in the anterolateral part of the roof.paries superior orbitae [NA], superior wall of orbit;
r. of skull calvaria
r. of tympanic cavity the superior wall, or roof, of the tympanic cavity, formed by the tegmen tympani of the temporal bone.paries tegmentalis cavi tympani [NA], tegmental wall of middle ear;
r. of tympanum tegmen tympani
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See roof plate.
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1. The primary or beginning portion of any part, as of a nerve at its origin from the brainstem or spinal cord. 2. r. of tooth 3. The descending underground portion of a plant; it absorbs water and nutrients, provides support, and stores nutrients. For r.'s of pharmacological significance not listed below, see specific names. [A.S. rot]
anatomical r. that portion of a tooth extending from the cervical line to its apical extremity.
anterior r. ventral r
clinical r. that portion of a tooth embedded in the investing structures; the portion of a tooth not visible in the oral cavity.radix clinica [NA];
cochlear r. of vestibulocochlear nerve cochlear r. of VIII nerve
cochlear r. of VIII nerve one of the components of the vestibulocochlear nerve; it is made up of the central processes of the bipolar neurons which compose the spiral (cochlear) ganglion in the spiral canal of the modiolus of the bony cochlea; the cochlear r. enters the cranial cavity by passing in fascicles through the spiral foraminous tract at the bottom of the internal auditory meatus; it enters the brainstem through the pontomedullary groove, closely adhering to the caudoventral aspect of the vestibular r., and distributes its fibers to the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei in the floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle.radix cochlearis [NA], cochlear r. of vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior r. of vestibulocochlear nerve, radix inferior nervi vestibulocochlearis;
cranial r.'s cranial r. of accessory nerve
cranial r. of accessory nerve the r.'s of the accessory nerve which arise from the medulla; the nerve fibers of the cranial r. join the intracranial portion of the vagus nerve and are distributed to the pharyngeal plexus, providing the motor innervation of the soft palate (except the tensor veli palati) and the pharynx.pars vagalis nervi accessorii [NA], radices craniales [NA], accessory portion of spinal accessory nerve, cranial r.'s, vagal part of accessory nerve, vagal part;
Culver's r. leptandra
dorsal r. the sensory root of a spinal nerve, having a dorsal r. ganglion containing the nerve cell bodies of the fibers conveyed by the root in its distal end.radix posterior [NA], radix sensoria [NA], posterior r., radix dorsalis;
facial r. nerve of pterygoid canal
r. of facial nerve fibers running from the facial motor nucleus upward to the facial colliculus where they curve around the abducens nucleus and then pass peripherally between the superior olive and sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, to emerge as the facial nerve from the pontomedullary groove.radix nervi facialis;
r. of foot tarsus
hair r. the part of a hair that is embedded in the hair follicle, its lower succulent extremity capping the dermal papilla pili in the deep bulbous portion of the follicle.radix pili;
inferior r. of ansa cervicalis fibers from the second and third cervical nerves that pass forward and downward along the internal jugular vein; they contribute to the ansa cervicalis and innervate the infrahyoid muscles.descendens cervicalis, radix inferior ansae cervicalis;
inferior r. of vestibulocochlear nerve cochlear r. of VIII nerve
lateral r. of median nerve the part of the median nerve arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.radix lateralis nervi mediani [NA];
lateral r. of optic tract the larger division of the posterior end of the optic tract that terminates in the lateral geniculate body.radix lateralis tractus optici [NA];
long r. of ciliary ganglion sensory r. of ciliary ganglion
r. of lung all the structures entering or leaving the lung at the hilum, forming a pedicle invested with the pleura; includes the bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatics, and nerves.radix pulmonis [NA];
May apple r. podophyllum resin
medial r. of median nerve the part of the median nerve coming from the medial cord of the brachial plexus.radix medialis nervi mediani [NA];
medial r. of optic tract the smaller division of the posterior end of the optic tract that disappears under the medial geniculate body.radix medialis tractus optici [NA];
r. of mesentry the origin of the mesentery of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) from the posterior parietal peritoneum; about 9 inches (23 cm.) in length, it extends from the duodenojejunal flexure (just to the left of the midline at the L2 vertebral level) to the ileocecal junction (iliac fossa).radix mesenterii [NA];
motor r. ventral r
motor r. of ciliary ganglion parasympathetic r. of ciliary ganglion
motor r.'s of submandibular ganglion ganglionic branches of lingual nerve, under branch
motor r. of trigeminal nerve the smaller root of the trigeminal nerve, composed of fibers originating from the trigeminal motor nucleus and emerging from the pons medial to the much larger sensory root, to join the mandibular nerve; it carries motor and proprioceptive fibers to the muscles derived from the first bronchial (mandibular) arch, including the four muscles of mastication, plus the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, and the tensores tympani and veli palati.radix motoria nervi trigemini [NA], masticator nerve, portio minor nervi trigemini;
r. of nail the proximal end of the nail, concealed under a fold of skin.radix unguis [NA];
nasociliary r. sensory r. of ciliary ganglion
nerve r. one of the two bundles of nerve fibers (dorsal and ventral r.'s) emerging from the spinal cord that join to form a single segmental (mixed) spinal nerve; some of the cranial nerves are similarly formed by the union of two r.'s, in particular the fifth or trigeminal nerve; in the case of the eighth cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve, each of its two components (vestibular r. and cochlear r.) is referred to as a root even though they do not join each other and their central connections are distinctive; conjoined nerve r. , two adjacent nerve r.'s with the same common origin from the dura mater.
r. of nose the upper least protruding portion of the external nose situated between the two orbits.radix nasi [NA];
oculomotor r. of ciliary ganglion parasympathetic r. of ciliary ganglion
olfactory r.'s olfactory striae, under stria
r.'s of olfactory tract, lateral and medial the two fiber bands that form the caudal continuation of the olfactory tract which, upon diverging, enclose the olfactory tubercle.
parasympathetic r. of ciliary ganglion a branch of the oculomotor nerve supplying parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers to the ciliary ganglion.radix parasympathica ganglii ciliaris [NA], radix oculomotoria ganglii ciliaris [NA], motor r. of ciliary ganglion, oculomotor r. of ciliary ganglion, radix brevis ganglii ciliaris, short r. of ciliary ganglion;
r. of penis the proximal attached part of the penis, including the two crura and the bulb.radix penis [NA];
posterior r. dorsal r
sensory r. of ciliary ganglion sensory fibers passing from the eyeball through the ciliary ganglion to their cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion via the nasociliary nerve.radix sensoria ganglii ciliaris [NA], ramus communicans nervi nasociliaris cum ganglio ciliari [NA], radix nasociliaris [NA], long r. of ciliary ganglion, nasociliary r., radix longa ganglii ciliaris;
sensory r. of pterygopalatine ganglion ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve, under branch
sensory r. of trigeminal nerve the large sensory root of the trigeminal (or fifth cranial) nerve, extending from the semilunar ganglion into the pons through the middle cerebellar peduncle or brachium pontis, immediately lateral to the small motor r.radix sensoria nervi trigemini [NA], portio major nervi trigemini;
short r. of ciliary ganglion parasympathetic r. of ciliary ganglion
spinal r. of accessory nerve originates from the upper five or six cervical spinal segments, emerges from the lateral surface of the spinal cord and ascends through the foramen magnum to join the cranial root.radices spinales nervi accessorii [NA], ramus externus nervi accessorii [NA], pars spinalis nervi accessorii, spinal part of accessory nerve;
superior r. of ansa cervicalis the fibers that arise from the first and second cervical nerves, accompany the hypoglossal nerve, then branch off to meet the inferior root in the ansa cervicalis; they innervate the infrahyoid muscles.descendens hypoglossi, descending branch of hypoglossal nerve, radix superior ansae cervicalis;
superior r. of vestibulocochlear nerve vestibular r
sympathetic r. of ciliary ganglion postganglionic fibers,having cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion, branching from the carotid plexus passing through the ciliary ganglion without synapse to reach the eyeball.radix sympathica ganglii ciliaris [NA];
r. of tongue the posterior attached portion of the tongue.radix linguae [NA], base of tongue;
r. of tooth that part of a tooth below the neck, covered by cementum rather than enamel, and attached by the periodontal ligament to the alveolar bone.radix dentis [NA], radix (1) [NA], root (2);
r.'s of trigeminal nerve collective term for the sensory r. of trigeminal nerve and motor r. of trigeminal nerve.radices nervi trigemini;
tuberous r. a r. that is swollen for food storage; tuberous primary r.'s occur in aconite, beet, and carrot; tuberous secondary r.'s occur in plants of the Umbelliferae; and tuberous adventitious roots occur in jalap and sweet potato.
ventral r. the motor root of a spinal nerve.radix anterior [NA], radix motoria [NA], anterior r., motor r., radix ventralis;
vestibular r. radix vestibularis [NA], radix superior nervi vestibulocochlearis, superior r. of vestibulocochlear nerve, vestibular r. of vestibulocochlear nerve;
vestibular r. of vestibulocochlear nerve vestibular r
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In neuroanatomy, nerve rootlets (fila radicularia). See filum.
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In dentistry, abrading of rough root surfaces to achieve a smooth surface.
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Abbreviation for right occipitoposterior position.
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Formation of numerous processes of erythroid cells, which in ultrathin sections appear club-shaped, associated with cytoplasmic vesicles and found in some diseases of the blood. [G. ropalon, club, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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See under test.
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Hermann, Swiss psychiatrist, 1884-1922. See R. test.
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A genus of plants including the roses (family Rosaceae); several varieties are the sources of rose oil: R. alba, cottage rose; R. centifolia, the pale rose or cabbage rose (source of official rose oil); R. damascena, damask rose; and R. gallica, red rose or French rose. [L. rose]
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Chronic vascular and follicular dilation involving the nose and contiguous portions of the cheeks; may vary from mild but persistent erythema to extensive hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands, seen especially in men as rhinophyma and by deep-seated papules and pustules; accompanied by telangiectasia at the affected erythematous sites.acne erythematosa, acne rosacea; [L. rosaceus, rosy]
granulomatous r. papular lesions in r., characterized microscopically by perifollicular granulomas with central necrosis and scattered giant cells. Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei is probably a form of granulomatous r.rosacea-like tuberculid, tuberculoid r;
hypertrophic r. rhinophyma
tuberculoid r. granulomatous r
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A tris(aminophenyl)methyl compound; together with pararosanilin it is a component of basic fuchsin; also used as an antifungal agent.
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A prostaglandin analog with protective properties for the gastric mucosa. Similar to misoprostol and also used as an antiulcerative drug.
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A beadlike arrangement or structure.
rachitic r. a row of beading at the junction of the ribs with their cartilages, often seen in rachitic children.beading of the ribs;
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Sir Henry E., British chemist, 1833-1915. See Bunsen-R. law.
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Edmund, German physician, 1836-1914. See R.'s position, cephalic tetanus.
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H.M., U.S. microbiologist, *1906. See R.-Waaler test.
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1. erysipelas 2. The petals of Rosa gallica, collected before expanding; used for its agreeable odor. [L. rosa]
r. oil a volatile oil from Rosa centifolia; used in perfumery and in ointments.attar of rose;
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The sodium salt of tetraiodotetra-chlorfluorescein, C20H2O5I4Cl4Na2, used as a stain for bacteria, as a stain in the diagnosis of keratitis sicca, and in liver function tests.
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See under kidney.
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The fruit or berries from wild rose bushes and in particular Rosa canina, R. gallica, R. condita, and R. Rugosa, (family Rosaceae). A rich source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).hipberries;
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The volatile oil distilled with steam from the fresh flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis (family Labiatae); used as a flavoring and in perfumery.
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Ottomar, German physician, 1851-1907. See R.'s disease, law, sign, test; R.-Gmelin test.
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Johann C., German anatomist, 1771-1820. See R.'s fossa, gland, node, recess, valve; organ of R.
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Friedrich C., German anatomist, 1780-1829. See R.'s canal, vein; basal vein of R.
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Curt, 20th century German psychiatrist. See Melkersson-R. syndrome.
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See under reagent.
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See under fiber.
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A symmetrical eruption of small closely aggregated patches of rose-red color. It is believed to be caused by human herpesvirus type 6. See also exanthema subitum.macular erythema; [Mod. L. dim. of L. roseus, rosy]
epidemic r. rubella
idiopathic r. r. not occurring as a symptom of a recognized general disease.
r. infan´tilis , r. infan´tum exanthema subitum
syphilitic r. usually the first eruption of syphilis, occurring 6 to 12 weeks after the initial lesion.erythematous syphilid, macular syphilid;
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Relating to or resembling roseola.
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Wilhelm, German surgeon, 1817-1888. See R.-Nélaton line.
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1. The quartan malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae in its segmented or mature phase. 2. A grouping of cells characteristic of neoplasms of neuroblastic or neuroectodermal origin; a number of nuclei form a ring from which neurofibrils, which can be demonstrated by silver impregnation, extend to interlace in the center. 3. Roselike coiling of the uterus among certain pseudophyllidean tapeworms, such as Diphyllobothrium latum. [Fr. a little rose]
E r. (ro-zet´) the adherence of erythrocytes to cells. Sheep erythrocytes will adhere spontaneously to human T cells, forming rosettes.
EAC r. indicates the presence of complement receptors. Erythrocytes (E) coated with antibody (A) and complement (C) are incubated with test cells. If the test cells have complement receptors, the EAC will adhere to these cells, forming rosettes.
Homer-Wright r.'s pseudorosettes formed by the arrangement of tumor cells around an area of fibrillarity, evidence of neuroblastic differentiation in a medulloblastoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
Wintersteiner r.'s r.'s found only in retinal embryonic tumors, formed by a group of columnar cells with a peripheral basement membrane arranged in a radial manner around a central cavity, the spokes corresponding to the photoreceptors.
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The solid resin obtained after steam distillation of crude balsam from Pinus palustris and from other species of Pinus (family Pinaceae); used in plasters to render them adhesive and also in ointments to render them locally stimulating.colophony, resin (2);
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aurin
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Sir Ronald, English physician and Nobel laureate, 1857-1932. See R. cycle.
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Sir George W., Canadian physician, 1841-1931. See R.-Jones test.
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Grigoriy I., Russian neurologist, 1860-1928. See R.'s reflex, sign.
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The anterior fixed or invertible portion of the scolex of a tapeworm, frequently provided with a row (or several rows) of hooks. [L. dim. of rostrum, a beak]
armed r. r. with one or more rows of hooks.
unarmed r. r. lacking hooks.
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1. In a direction toward any rostrum. 2. Situated nearer a rostrum or the snout end of an organism in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of caudad (2). [L. rostrum, beak, + -ad, toward]
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Relating to any rostrum or anatomical structure resembling a beak.rostralis [NA]; [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum, beak]
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rostral, rostral [L. fr. rostrum, beak]
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Having a beak or hook. [L. rostratus]
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Beak-shaped. [L. rostrum, beak]
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Any beak-shaped structure. [L. a beak]
r. cor´poris callo´si [NA] r. of corpus callosum
r. of corpus callosum beak of the corpus callosum, the recurved portion of the corpus callosum passing backward from the genu to the anterior commissure.r. corporis callosi [NA];
r. sphenoida´le [NA] r. of the sphenoid bone
r. of the sphenoid bone the anterior projecting part of the body of the sphenoid bone which articulates with the vomer.r. sphenoidale [NA];
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Abbreviation for right occipitotransverse position.
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To decay or putrify. [A.S. rotian]
Barcoo r. desert sore [Barcoo, a river in S. Australia]
foot r. 1. in sheep and goats, a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by the interaction of Bacteroides nodusus and Fusobacterium necrophorum, and characterized by lameness and bidigital separation of the hoof corneum from the basal epithelium and derma; 2. in cattle, a complex of diseases characterized by lameness and associated with a foul-smelling necrotic process of the feet from which F. necrophorum can invariably be isolated.
pizzle r. ulcerative posthitis
sheath r. ulcerative posthitis
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A device for measuring the flow of gas or liquid; the fluid flowing up through a slightly tapered tube elevates a ball or other weight that partially obstructs the flow, until the wider cross-section allows that flow to pass around the floating obstruction. [L. rota, wheel, + G. metron, measure]
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1. Turning or movement of a body round its axis. 2. A recurrence in regular order of certain events, such as the symptoms of a periodic disease. [L. rotatio, fr. roto, pp. rotatus, to revolve, rotate]
intestinal r. See malrotation.
molecular r. one hundredth of the product of the specific r. of an optically active compound and its molecular weight.
optical r. the change in the plane of polarization of polarized light of a given wavelength upon passing through optically active substances; measured in terms of specific rotation by polarimetry, an important tool in chemical structural work, especially on carbohydrates.
specific optical r. ([a]) the arc through which the plane of polarized light is rotated by 1 gram of a substance per milliliter of water when the length of the light path through the solution is 1 decimeter, typically using light corresponding to the D line of sodium.
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A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. See rotatores muscles, under muscle. [L. See rotation]
medial r. intortor
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A group of RNA viruses (family Reoviridae) that are wheel-like in appearance and form a genus, Rotavirus, which includes the human gastroenteritis viruses (a major cause of infant diarrhea throughout the world), Nebraska calf scours virus, epizootic diarrhea virus of infant mice, and others. They are fastidious, and in vitro culture is difficult.duovirus, gastroenteritis virus type B, infantile gastroenteritis virus, reovirus-like agent; [L. rota, wheel, + virus]
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Thomas M., U.S. physician, 1848-1914. See R.'s sign.
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rubella [Ger. little red spots, fr. rot, red, + -el, dim. suffix]
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The principal insecticidal component of derris root, Derris elliptica, D. malaccensis, and other species of D., and from Lonchocarpus nicou (family Leguminosae); used externally for the treatment of scabies and infestation with chiggers, and in veterinary medicine for follicular mange and infestation with lice, fleas, and ticks; an inhibitor of the respiratory chain.
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Vladimir K., Russian neurologist, 1848-1916. See R.'s disease; R.-Bernhardt disease; Bernhardt-R. syndrome.
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Moritz, Swiss physician and pathologist, 1839-1914. See R.'s spots, under spot; vas aberrans of R.
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See Benedict-Roth apparatus.
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Arthur C.H., English biochemist, 1880-1915. See Rothera's nitroprusside test.
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A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, non-acid-fast, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive, coccoid, diphtheroid, or filamentous cells; metabolism is fermentative, and glucose fermentation yields primarily lactic acid but no propionic acid. These organisms are normal inhabitants of the human oral cavity and are opportunistic pathogens. The type species is R. dentocariosa. [G. D. Roth]
R. dentocariosa rare cause of infective endocarditis in humans.
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August von, German physician, 1830-1906. See R.'s syndrome; R.-Thomson syndrome.
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Arturo B., 20th century Philippine internist. See R.'s syndrome.
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Combined lateral and rotational deviation of the vertebral column. [L. roto, to rotate, + G. skoliosis, crookedness]
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A rotating cutting instrument used in arthroscopic surgery.
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(-)-2-[p-Chloro-a-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzyl]pyridine;active isomer of carbinoxamine; an antihistaminic.
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Charles M.B., French physiologist, 1824-1904. See R. cell; R.'s muscle; R.-Neumann sheath.
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Antoine D., 19th century French physiologist. See R.'s bulb.
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Not smooth; denoting the irregular, coarsely granular surface of a certain bacterial colony type.
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1. Anything in the diet, e.g., bran, serving as a bulk stimulant of intestinal peristalsis. 2. Hay or other coarse feed fed to cattle and other herbivores.
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Francis J.W., British scientist, 1899-1972. See R.-Scholander apparatus, syringe.
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Nicholas F., French physician, 1727-1799. See Rougnon-Heberden disease.
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An aggregate of erythrocytes stacked like a pile of coins. R. formation commonly indicates an increase in plasma immunoglobulin. [Fr. spool, cylinder, fr. rouler, to roll, fr. L.L. rotulo, fr. rota, wheel]
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A nematode member of the phylum Nematoda, commonly confined to the parasitic forms.
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F. Peyton, U.S. pathologist and Nobel laureate, 1879-1970. See R. sarcoma, sarcoma virus, tumor; R.-associated virus.
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Gustave, French pathologist, 1874-1948. See R.-Lévy disease, syndrome; Dejerine-R. syndrome.
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Henri, French anatomist and embryologist, *1875. See node of R.
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Pierre P.E., French bacteriologist, 1853-1933. See R. spatula; R.'s stain.
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Philibert J., French surgeon, 1780-1854. See R.'s method.
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César, Swiss surgeon, 1857-1934. See R.-en-Y anastomosis, operation.
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Niels T., Danish surgeon, 1862-1927. See R.'s sign.
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Leonard G., U.S. physician, *1883. See R. and Geraghty test.
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Abbreviation for renal plasma flow. See effective renal plasma flow.
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Abbreviation for Registered Pharmacist.
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Abbreviation for revolutions per minute.
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Abbreviation for right posterior oblique, a radiographic projection.
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Abbreviation for respiratory quotient.
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Excessive or unusual discharge. [G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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Surgical suturing. [G. rhaphe, suture]
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A flowing; a flux. [G. rhoia, a flow]
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See -rrhea.
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Abbreviation for ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
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Abbreviation for right sacroanterior position.
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Abbreviation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
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Abbreviation for right sacroposterior position.
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Abbreviation for right sacrotransverse position.
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Abbreviation for Rous sarcoma virus.
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Abbreviation for room temperature.
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Symbol for reverse triiodothyronine.
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Abbreviation for ribothymidylic acid.
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mifepristone
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Symbol for ruthenium.
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Friction encountered in moving one body over another.
friction r. friction sound
pericardial r. , pericardial friction r. pericardial friction sound
pleural r. friction rub sound caused by inflammation of the pleura.pleural friction r., pleural rale;
pleural friction r. pleural r
pleuritic r. a friction sound produced by the rubbing together of the roughened surfaces of the costal and visceral pleurae.
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Sven, Swedish veterinarian, *1905. See R.'s disease, disease virus.
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poly(cis-1,4-isoprene);the prepared inspissated milky juice of Hevea brasiliensis and other species of Hevea (family Euphorbiaceae), known in commerce as pure Para r.; used in the manufacture of various plasters, tissues, bandages, etc.
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See policeman.
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Dithiooxamide, which forms complete dark greenish-black complexes with copper in alkaline ethanolic solution; used histochemically for demonstrating pathologic copper deposits, as in Wilson's disease; also reacts with cobalt and nickel.
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A temporary redness of the skin. [L. redness, fr. ruber, red]
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1. Causing a reddening of the skin. 2. A counterirritant that produces erythema when applied to the skin surface. [L. rubi-facio, fr. ruber, red, + facio, to make]
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Erythema of the skin caused by local application of a counterirritant. [see rubefacient]
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An acute exanthematous disease caused by rubella virus (Rubivirus), with enlargement of lymph nodes, but usually with little fever or constitutional reaction; a high incidence of birth defects in children results from maternal infection during the first several months of fetal life (congenital rubella syndrome).epidemic roseola, German measles, röteln, roetheln, third disease, three-day measles; [L. rubellus, fem. -a, reddish, dim. of ruber, red]
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A cardiac glycoside with a digitalis-like action, obtained from Urginia rubella (family Liliaceae).
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A term used for measles; not to be confused with rubella. [Mod. L. dim. of ruber, red, reddish]
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Reddish discoloration, as of the skin. [L. ruber, red, + G. -osis, condition]
r. i´ridis diabet´ica neovascularization of the anterior surface of the iris in diabetes mellitus.
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See under acid.
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Reddening. [L. rubesco, pr. p. rubescens, to become red]
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An alkali element, atomic no. 37, atomic wt. 85.4678; its salts have been used in medicine for the same purposes as the corresponding sodium or potassium salts. [L. rubidus, reddish, dark red, fr. rubeo, to be red]
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An antibiotic used as an antineoplastic; similar to doxorubicin in antitumor activity and in exhibiting cumulative cardiotoxicity.
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Isidor C., U.S. gynecologist, 1883-1958. See R. test.
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acid fuchsin
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Jack H., U.S. child psychiatrist and pediatrician, *1925. See R.-Taybi syndrome.
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A genus of viruses (family Togaviridae) that includes the rubella virus. [rubella + virus]
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Max, German hygienist and biochemist, 1854-1932. See R.'s laws of growth, under law, test.
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Redness, as one of the four signs of inflammation (r., calor, dolor, tumor) enunciated by Celsus. [L.]
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A mycotoxin produced by Penicillium rubrum and P. purpurogenum, which form readily on cereal grains; responsible for outbreaks of toxicosis in the U.S.
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Ferredoxins without acid-labile sulfur and with the iron in a typical mercaptide coordination.
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pronormoblast [L. ruber, red, + G. blastos, germ]
pernicious anemia type r. promegaloblast See erythroblast.
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Section or chapter heading, used with reference to groups of diseases, as in ICD. [M.E. rubrike, title or heading in red, fr. L. ruber, red]
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Polychromatic normoblast. See erythroblast. [L. ruber, red, + kytos, cell]
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Relating to the nerve fibers passing from the red nucleus to the spinal cord: the rubrospinal tract.
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eructation [L. fr. ructo, pp. -atus, to belch]
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Einar, Danish physician, *1892. See R.'s syndrome.
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1. An organ or structure that is incompletely developed. 2. The first indication of a structure in the course of ontogeny.rudimentum [NA]; [L. rudimentum, a beginning, fr. rudis, unformed]
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Relating to a rudiment.abortive (2);
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rudiment, rudiment [L.]
r. hippocam´pi See indusium griseum.
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Angelo, Italian histologist, 1864-1929. See R.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle; flower-spray organ of R.
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erythristic [L. rufus, reddish]
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A fold, ridge, or crease; a wrinkle. [L. a wrinkle]
r. gas´trica rugae of stomach
r. palati´na transverse palatine fold
rugae of stomach characteristic folds of the gastric mucosa, especially evident when the stomach is contracted.plicae gastricae [NA], gastric folds, r. gastrica;
rugae of vagina a number of transverse ridges in the mucous membrane of the vagina.rugae vaginales [NA];
ru´gae vagina´les [NA] rugae of vagina
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1. periosteal elevator 2. A raspatory. [Fr.]
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A rumbling sound in the intestines. See also borborygmus. [L. a roaring, fr. rugio, to roar]
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Marked by rugae; wrinkled.rugous; [L. rugosus]
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1. The state of being thrown into folds or wrinkles. 2. A ruga.
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rugose
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Abbreviation for right upper lobe (of lung).
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A criterion, standard, or guide governing a procedure, arrangement, action, etc. See also law, principle, theorem. [O. Fr. reule, fr. L. regula, a guide, pattern]
Abegg's r. the tendency of the sum of the maximum positive and maximum negative valence of a particular element to equal 8; e.g., C may have a valence of +4 and -4, O of +6 and -2. Sometimes loosely stated as all atoms have the same number of valences, a consequence of the tendency of valence electron shells to be filled to 8.
American Law Institute r. a test of criminal responsibility (1962): "a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law."
r. of bigeminy r. that a ventricular premature beat will follow the beat terminating a long cycle. Sudden prolongation of the ventricular cycle, by changing the refractoriness in the conduction system, causes a peripheral region of bidirectional block to become transiently unidirectional and thus opens potential pathways for reentry to occur.
Chargaff's r. in DNA the number of adenine units equals the number of thymine units; likewise, the number of guanine units equals the number of cytosine units.
Clark's weight r. an obsolete r. for an approximate child's dose, obtained by dividing the child's weight in pounds by 150 and multiplying the result by the adult dose.
Cowling's r. an obsolete r. for a child's dose: that fraction of the adult dose obtained by dividing the age of the child at the nearest birthday by 24.
Durham r. an American test of criminal responsibility (1954): "an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect."
Gibb's phase r. phase r
Goriaew's r. rarely used term for a r. of a blood counting field by which it is marked off in a series of squares, some of which are again subdivided into sixteen smaller ones.
Haase's r. the length of the fetus in centimeters, divided by 5, is the duration of pregnancy in months, i.e., the age of the fetus.
His' r. the duration of pregnancy is calculated from the first day of the first omitted menstrual period; obsolete.
Hückel's r. the number of depolarized electrons in an aromatic ring is equal to 4n + 2 where n is zero or any positive integer; l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan, and l-histidine (when the imidazole ring is deprotonated) obey this rule.
isoprene r. the classical, outmoded statement that naturally occurring terpenes are built up by condensation of isoprene units by either a 1-4 linkage ("head to tail") or a 4-4 linkage ("tail to tail").
Jackson's r. after an epileptic attack, simple and quasiautomatic functions are less affected and more rapidly recovered than the more complex ones.
Le Bel-van't Hoff r. the number of stereoisomers of an organic compound is 2n where n represents the number of asymmetric carbon atoms (unless there is an internal plane of symmetry). A corollary of their simultaneously announced conclusions, in 1874, that the most probable orientation of the bonds of a carbon atom linked to four groups or atoms is toward the apexes of a tetrahedron, and that this accounted for all then-known phenomena of molecular asymmetry (which involved a carbon atom bearing four different atoms or groups). See also stereoisomerism.
Liebermeister's r. in adult febrile tachycardia, about eight pulse beats correspond to an increase of 1°C.
Meyer-Overton r. because inhalation agents act via the lipid-rich CNS cells, anesthetic potency increases with lipid solubility.
M'Naghten r. the classic English test of criminal responsibility (1843): "to establish a defense on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of committing the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reasoning, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong."
Nägele's r. means of estimating date of delivery by counting back three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and adding seven days.
New Hampshire r. pioneering American test of criminal responsibility (1871): "if the [criminal] act was the offspring of insanity, a criminal intent did not produce it."
r. of nines method used in calculating body surface area involved in burns whereby values of 9 or 18 percent of surface area are assigned to specific regions as follows: Head and neck, 9%; anterior thorax, 18%; posterior thorax, 18%; arms, 9% each; legs, 18% each; perineum 1%.
Ogino-Knaus r. the time in the menstrual period when conception is most likely to occur is at about midway between two menstrual periods; fertilization of the ovum is least likely just before or just after menstruation; the basis for the rhythm method of contraception.
r. of outlet an obstetric r. for determining whether the pelvic outlet will permit the passage of a fetus; the sum of the posterior sagittal diameter and the transverse diameter of the outlet must equal at least 15 cm if a normal-sized baby is to pass.
phase r. an expression of the relationships existing between systems in equilibrium: P + V = C + 2, where P is the number of phases, V the variance or degrees of freedom, and C the number of components; it also follows that the variance is, V = C + 2 - P. For H2O at its triple point, V = 1 + 2 - 3 = 0, i.e., both temperature and pressure are fixed.Gibb's phase r;
Prentice's r. each centimeter of decentration of a lens results in 1 prism diopter of deviation of light for each diopter of lens power.
Rolleston's r. the ideal adult systolic blood pressure is 100 plus half the age, whereas the maximal physiologic pressure is 100 plus the age; of historical interest.
Schütz r. the rate of an enzyme reaction is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration; applied specifically to pepsin within a limited range.Schütz' law;
Trusler's r. for pulmonary artery banding a method that gives guidance as to the correct tightness of the band; the degree of banding for a complex congenital cardiac anomaly with bidirectional shunting less than that for simple ones.
Young's r. an obsolete r. to determine a child's dose: 12 is added to the child's age and the sum is divided by the age; the adult dose divided by the figure so obtained gives the proper dose.
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A calibrated strip for measuring plane surfaces.
isometric r. a calibrated scale for eliminating distortion in the measurement of plane surfaces.
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A spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar cane.
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rhinophyma
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The largest compartment of the stomach of a cow or other ruminant.paunch; [L. gullet, throat]
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Inflammation of the rumen of ruminant animals. [rumen + G. -itis, inflammation]
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Incision into the rumen. [rumen + G. tome, incision]
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An animal that chews the cud, material regurgitated from the rumen for rechewing; e.g., the sheep, cow, deer, or antelope.
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1. The physiologic process in ruminant animals in which coarse, hastily eaten food is regurgitated from the rumen, thoroughly rechewed, reduced to finer particles, mixed with saliva, and reswallowed. 2. A disorder of infancy characterized by repeated regurgitation of food, with weight loss or failure to thrive, developing after a period of normal functioning. 3. Periodic reconsideration of the same subject. [L. ruminatio, fr. rumino, to chew the cud, think over, fr. rumen, throat]
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Characterized by a preoccupation with certain thoughts and ideas.
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The rumen and reticulum of the ruminant stomach taken together, since they freely communicate via the ruminoreticular orifice.
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Theodor, German physician, 1862-1923. See R.-Leede sign, test, phenomenon.
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Colloquialism for paronychia.
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A.T., British physician. See Richards-Rundle syndrome.
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Johan W., Finnish physician, 1843-1918. See R.'s formula.
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Delayed part of the angiographic examination of a vascular bed, to show small artery patency.
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A stunted animal, occurring most frequently in species which give birth to large litters. [A.S.]
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1. Ulcers of late secondary syphilis, covered with yellowish or brown crusts that have been compared in their appearance to oyster shells. 2. yaws 3. Term occasionally used to designate a very scaly, heaped-up, and secondarily infected psoriatic lesion. [G. rhypos, filth]
r. escharot´ica dermatitis gangrenosa infantum
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Relating to rupia.
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Resembling rupia. [G. rhypos, filth (rupia), + eidos, resemblance]
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1. hernia 2. A solution of continuity or a tear; a break of any organ or other of the soft parts. [L. ruptura, a fracture (of limb or vein), fr. rumpo, pp. ruptus, to break]
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Abbreviation for right upper quadrant (of abdomen).
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Martin, British pathologist. See R. bodies.
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Albert L., U.S. dentist, *1905. See R.'s Periodontal Index.
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Alexander, 20th century British pediatrician. See R.'s syndrome; Silver-R. dwarfism, syndrome.
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G.F.M., 20th century English physician. See R.'s sign.
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Hamilton, 20th century Australian surgeon. See R. traction.
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James S. Risien, British physician, 1863-1939. See hooked bundle of R.; uncinate bundle of R.
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Patrick, Irish physician in India, 1727-1805. See R.'s viper venom, viper.
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William James, English chemist, 1830-1909. See R. effect.
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William, Scottish physician, 1852-1940. See R. bodies, under body.
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An index that estimates the degree of periodontal disease present in the mouth by measuring both bone loss around the teeth and gingival inflammation; used frequently in the epidemiological investigation of periodontal disease.
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Johann N., German surgeon, 1775-1840. See R.'s disease, phenomenon.
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Species of Puccinia and other microbes comprising important pathogens of plants, especially cereal grains; they are important allergens for humans when inhaled in large numbers, as in harvesting processes.
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A period of sexual excitement in the males of certain mammals, such as deer, camels, and elephants, which occurs seasonally. It is only during this season that spermatogenesis occurs and the males will mate; in most mammalian males spermatogenesis is continuous and breeding occurs whenever the females will accept the males. Cf. estrus. [O. F. ruit, roaring of deer in the breeding season]
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A metallic element of the platinum group; atomic no. 44, atomic wt. 101.07; 106Ru, with a half-life of 1.020 years, has been used in the treatment of certain eye problems. [Mediev. L. Ruthenia, Russia, where first obtained]
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Ammoniated r.r. oxychloride, Ru3(NH3)14O2Cl6, used in histology and electron microscopy as a stain for certain complex polysaccharides.
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Obsolete term for a unit of radioactivity, representing that quantity of radioactive material in which a million disintegrations are taking place per second; 37 r. equal 1 mCi. See Becquerel. [Ernest Rutherford, British physicist and Nobel laureate, 1871-1937]
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rhytidosis
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quercetin-3-rutinoside; quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside;a flavonoid obtained from buckwheat, that causes decreased capillary fragility.rutoside;
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6-O-a-l-Rhamnosyl-d-glucose;a disaccharide of d-glucose and l-rhamnose, and a component of rutin.
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rutin
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Frederik, Dutch anatomist, 1638-1731. See R.'s membrane, muscle, tube, veins, under vein.
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Abbreviation for residual volume.
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An alkaloid obtained from Ryania speciosa (family Flacourtiaceae). Has a disruptive effect on calcium storage in cardiac and skeletal muscle where it produces sustained contractions. Used as an insecticide.
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ergot
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John A., English physician, 1889-1950. See R.'s tube.
Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.